Acute Myocardial Infarction and Periodontal Disease

neat Myocardial Infarction and Periodontal DiseaseResearch FindingsThe translate examined the association in the midst of acute myocardial infarction and periodontal diseases using cross sectional design. The summary was carried out using the SPSS/PC Windows version 21.0 package package (IBM, Inc.). The sample size taken for the study was 80 (Cases=40, Control=40). The bivariate association betwixt the studied variables, acute MI and periodontitis (dichotomized) was substructurevass with the appropriate test. A significance level of p0.05 was considered significant and the odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Further, conditional logistic reversal epitome/cox regression analysis (11 matched pairs) was employ to assess the independent contribution of periodontal diseases to the hazard of acute myocardial infarction and also to find the relationship between AMI and other possible explanatory variables. The risk factors such as tobacco plant habit, smo king, dietary habits, family history of diabetes, were forced into the model. The following section presents the results.Descriptive Statistics and Preliminary Analyses standoff between acute myocardial infarction and study variables. The table below presents the association between Acute Myocardial Infarction and study variables. The results showed that odds of take (AMI) were significantly higher in subjects with periodontitis, smoking habits, hypertension and mixed dietary habits. Out of the total 80 patients, the majority of the periodontitis patients (82.5%) were present within the suit group (AMI patients) (p=0.026). Similarly, the prevalence of smoking (52.5% vs. 27.5%, p=0.031) and hypertension (52.5% vs. 47.9%, pTable 6Association between Acute Myocardial Infarction and study variables*pAssociation between periodontitis and study variables. The table below presents the association between Periodontitis and study variables. The results showed that odds of outcome (periodo ntitis) were significantly higher in subjects with smoking habits, hypertension and alcohol drinking (pTable 7Association between Periodontitis and study variablesConditional Logistic Regression Analysis victimisation Cox Proportional Hazard ModelFollowing the preliminary analysis cox regression analyses were used to assess the independent contribution of periodontal diseases to the risk of acute myocardial infarction and also to find the relationship between an AMI event and possible explanatory variables. To control the effects of multiple potential con showers, multivariate model were also fitted by modeling periodontitis as a time varying covariant in a model.Cox proportional hazard analysis completelyowed the researcher to include the predictor variables (covariates) one by one into the subsequent models. This provided estimated coefficients for each of the covariates and allowed the researcher to assess the impact of multiple covariates in the same model. We can also use Cox regression to examine the effect of continuous covariates such as BMI. The following recoding was done to examine the association between AMI and periodontitis. Socio economic status=0 (Reference category) Lower 1= speed Lower 2=Lower middle 3=Upper middle 4=Upper Family history=0 (Reference category) No 1=Yes Exercise=0 (Reference category) Yes 1=No Hyper tension=0 (Reference category) No 1=Yes Diabetes=0 (Reference category) No 1=Yes Dietary habit=0 (Reference category) Vegetarian 1=Mixed Smoking habit=0 (Reference category) Non-smoker 1= Former smoker 2=Smoker Smokeless tobacco habit=0 (Reference category) Non-users 1= Former user 2=Current user Alcohol drinking=0 (Reference category) Non-drinker 1= Current drinker 2=Irregular abstainer Marital status=0 (Reference category) Unmarried 1= Married 2=Divorced. The conditional logistic regression estimates the odds ratio, and an exact 95% confidence interval. Table 3, below presents the association between AMI and Periodontitis usin g Cox regression.Table 8Cox RegressionDependent variable Acute Myocardial InfarctionConditional logistic regression analysis outcomes indicated the presence of a significant association between AMI and periodontitis (Beta=1.358, p= .039 In all the stages, for regular exercise the beta value is negative which means it is a protective factor or is inversely related as acute myocardial events, however this association is not statistically significant to report.Statistical Analysis of Other Clinical Parameters (DMFT, CPI and LOA Scores)Test for normality. To test the assumption of normality, the study used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilks test. From this test, the Sig. (p) value was compared to the priori alpha level (level of significance for the statistic) and a determination was made as to reject (p ) the null meditation. The Table 1 below shows that where = 0.001, given that p Table 9Test for NormalityTest for homogeneity of variance ( equality of variances). Further, to test the assumption of homogeneity of variance, where the null hypothesis assumes no difference between the two groups variances (H0 2 1 = 2 2), a non-parametric Levenes test for equality of variances is the most commonly used statistic to verify the equality of variances in the samples (homogeneity of variance) especially for non-normally distributed data. Therefore, Kruskal Wallis one-way analysis Levens test was utilise. The Levenes test uses the level of significance set a priori for the t test analysis (e.g., = .05) to test the assumption of homogeneity of variance. However, in SPSS its challenging to execute Levens test for non-normally distributed data in one step. Hence steps were applied to create three new variables such as ranked data, group mean ranks and deviation from mean ranks. Finally, the differences were computed using ANOVA and the p value was found to be Table 10Test StatisticsMann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon W test comparing averages. As the data is non-homog enous and non-normally distributed, Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon W tests were used to compare the median scores of DMFT, CPI and LOA scores, and also to check the significance of differences.Null Hypothesis Median score of DMFT, CPI and LOA is same for both case and control.Alternative hypothesis Median score of DMFT, CPI and LOA differs between case and control.Table 11Test StatisticsDMFT ScoreCPI ScoreLOA ScoreMann-Whitney U403.500340.500374.500Wilcoxon W1223.5001160.5001194