Othello and Things Fall Apart free essay sample

The utilization of sexual orientation and force in both, ‘Othello’ and ‘Things Fall Apart’ is exceptionally huge. In Othello men have progressively individual flexibility and ladies are decided by them comparable to them, where as in Things Fall Apart, ladies don't have any influence in the general public since a man is viewed as well off if a man has three spouses which the hero of things self-destruct, Okonkwo did. In Othello, the connection among Iago and Emilia is a case of intensity in sex jobs as they were recommended in Renascence society which, eventually pulverizes Emilia; the female persona. The meaning of ladies as compliant to men is exemplified in their conduct towards one another. Emilia, solidified to pessimism about male female connections by long periods of marriage, has the view that ladies are nourishment for men who are all stomachs and burp ladies when full. Iago consistently depicts ladies as prostitutes by which he implies just well for providing the wants of men, for this situation, the hanky. We will compose a custom exposition test on Othello and Things Fall Apart or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page As opposed to Things Fall Apart, a great part of the customary Ibo life introduced in this novel spins around organized sex jobs. Basically all of Ibo life is gendered, from the harvests that people develop, to portrayal of violations. In Ibo culture, ladies are the more vulnerable sex, but on the other hand are supplied with characteristics that make them deserving of love, similar to the capacity to tolerate youngsters. The predominant job for ladies is: first, to make an unadulterated lady for a respectable man, second, to be a compliant spouse, and third, to endure numerous youngsters. The perfect man accommodates his family substantially and has ability on the front line. Another model in Othello where the utilization of intensity and sex a be seen is when Cassio is absolved from his activity he is advised to approach Desdemona for help, to move toward her and converse with her about it and that she could assist him with landing back on some position. Desdemona approaches Othello about it and he says that he would consider it which shows that Desdemona, a lady could extinguish her needs. Then again in Things Fall Apart there is scene where Okonkwo’s little girl, Ezinma becomes sick and a lady evangelist is requested assistance and she is portrayed as an engaged lady. In Othello there is another case of intensity and status, which is the place Bianca’s powerless status as ‘strumpet’ helps us to remember twofold norm. It is socially adequate for Cassio to partner with a prostitute, yet it is pretentious for Bianca to anticipate that him should wed her. Men toy with and dispose of ladies as they pick. Also, as per Othello there are two sorts of ladies, which are virtuous ladies and prostitutes. On the off chance that Desdemona isn't one, at that point she should be the other. On the off chance that she is a prostitute, she should be rebuffed. For men in the Ibo society from Things Fall Apart notoriety is significant. Notoriety depends on men picking up notoriety through grit in fight, ability at wrestling, and difficult work as observed through the size of their sweet potato reap. Notoriety acquires men position of intensity and impact in the general public just as various spouses. The soul that drives Okonkwo is his dad, since he was a disappointment.

Develop and Manage Financial System Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Develop and Manage Financial System. Answer: Presentation Monetary framework is considered as a significant angle for the business associations as it helps the organizations in meeting the money related needs alongside guaranteeing the manageable development of business (Cochrane, 2014). Besides, it helps I diverse monetary perspectives like subsidizing, keeping up liquidity and others alongside the procedure of hazard the executives. Thus, it is required for the business associations to execute a successful bookkeeping framework with the goal that the viability of the money related tasks can be held. It should be referenced that it is required for the organizations to think about specific viewpoints while actualizing net bookkeeping framework (Burton Brown, 2014). The fundamental point of this report is to depict the different procedures and parts of bookkeeping framework usage by thinking about every applicable prerequisite. Therefore, one Australian budgetary association named EFS Strategic is thought of. EFS Strategic is a medium size Australian budgetary specialist organization that offers types of assistance in different fields like bookkeeping, riches the board and money related advices. Significant development of the organization can be seen throughout the years. It should be referenced that EFS Strategic gives various types of bookkeeping and money related arrangements by understanding the difficulties of their customer associations. Along these lines, as a significant money related and bookkeeping specialist organization, it is required for EFS Strategic to deal with their activities in a successful way with the help of a decent monetary framework (efsstrategic.com.au, 2018). The suggested budgetary framework for EFS Strategic is IBM Cognos. Cognos is a logical cloud based monetary framework gives bolsters in different money related angles like assemble of budgetary data, advancement of money related reports, procedure of solidification, budgetary announcing with least IT help. It should be referenced that the use of Cognos is fitting for little and medium size business associations that need to manage major budgetary angles (ibm.com, 2018). Inclusion of Right People The cooperation of all useful gathering of individuals is required for the usage of Cognos in EFS Strategic as it is required for the choice, execution and utilization of this monetary programming. The accompanying conversation demonstrates the five gathering of individuals should be associated with the Cognos determination process: Clients of System: The bookkeeping framework ought to be easy to understand and basic as these are the day by day clients of the framework; along these lines, investment from these individuals is required for the framework choice. Their sentiments ought to be gathered from different gatherings. Simultaneously, they are required to be given powerful preparing programs with the goal that they can utilize the framework accurately (Hall, 2012). Framework Managers: System supervisors are required to oversee the budgetary framework and along these lines, they are entitled for getting framework preparing. In addition, it is the duty of the framework administrators to screen the necessities of the framework clients. In this procedure, the framework supervisors are expected to comprehend the concealed need of the framework clients. Framework Customers: System clients are required to be engaged with the framework execution process as they intensely rely upon the result of the framework like money related data, reports, rundown and other monetary archives. They are required to be furnished with fundamental preparing about the framework for understanding the nuts and bolts so they can give required criticisms (Simkin, Norman Rose, 2014). Framework Sign-Offs: The last endorsement of the framework lies on the hands of these individuals, as they are the leaders. Thus, all the reports identified with the result of gatherings and trainings are should have been send to them so they can dissect the attainability of the monetary framework. They will furnish endorsement when they are happy with results (Hall, 2012). IS Staff: These individuals are the IT agents and they are required to have a deep understanding of the money related framework with the goal that they can give help with different perspective like investigating, execution and compelling running. In this way, gatherings are required to be organized with them for clarifying different components of the new money related framework (Simkin, Norman Rose, 2014). Difficulties It should be referenced that EFS Strategic is confronting some significant difficulties with the current money related framework and hence, the organization is thinking about the execution of Cognos so these issue examine be settled. These issues are depicted under: At present, EFS Strategic is confronting significant challenges in the customization of the current monetary framework as per their business extension as they need to manage more measure of budgetary data. Be that as it may, the execution of Cognos will wipe out this issue, as there is enormous extension for customization in this framework. In such manner, a portion of the significant highlights of Cognos are successful budgetary detailing, time the executives, costs the executives and others (Christauskas Miseviciene, 2012). Under the current money related arrangement of EFS Strategic, it is a tedious and enormous activity for the specialized group to make essential up-degree. Hence, the organization faces immense issues in this perspective. Be that as it may, the execution of Cognos will diminish the test for the organization as the new administrations and items can be adequately turned out in this framework. Under the current monetary framework in EFS Strategic, it is required for the organization to purchase licenses for utilizing the framework in different PCs for every PC and this procedure is costly for the organization. In any case, if there should arise an occurrence of Cognos, all the PCs of the organizations can be4 associated with this framework with no extra permitting cost. Cost is considered as a significant test for the organization with their current monetary framework as they need to manage colossal expense as charges for the utilization of the framework. Be that as it may, the execution of Cognos will give the association different bookkeeping devices and framework with a similar expense (Ren, Wang, 2012). Above all, the specialized group of EFS Strategic needs to confront defects, mistakes and bugs in the current monetary framework and this can be considered as a significant test for the organization. Be that as it may, Cognos has the ability of the acknowledgment of continuous perceivability in the budgetary framework. In this manner, from the above conversation, it very well may be seen that the execution of Cognos will dispose of the significant difficulties of EFS Strategic related with the leaving monetary framework (Christauskas Miseviciene, 2012). Choice of Consultant It should be referenced that there is a requirement for experts for the usage of new budgetary framework in the organizations. There are numerous occurrences where the associations have named outside advisors for the usage and upkeep of the monetary framework. In this angle, it should be referenced that affiliates of the money related frameworks are considered as te suitable individual as the discussion of the monetary framework. For the execution of Cognos in EFS Strategic, the organization named JCommerce will be great. It should be referenced that JCommerce is a guaranteed esteem included affiliate of Cognos (jcommerce.eu, 2018). JCommercs gives various types of IT resourcing administrations for permitting the clients in participation with transforming IT needs. The organization has 12 years of involvement with this specific zone. Hence, it tends to be seen that the organization has tremendous information in the field offinance with Cognos (jcommerce.eu, 2018). The conference group of JCommerce incorporates top previous bookkeeping experts, previous money related officials of eminent organizations and others. Besides, the organization is notable for their meeting administrations in each industry. In the year 2009, JCommerce joined the product ValueNet program of IBM and turned into the Value-Added Reseller (VAR) of IBM in the field of Cognos arrangements. JCOmmerce has gotten various honors for giving Cogn os interview; they are IBM Certified Administrator for Cognos 8 BI, IMB Certified Designer for Cognos 8 BI Reports, IBM Certified Developer for Cognos 8 BI Metadata Models and others (jcommerce.eu, 2018). Assessment of Application Performance The organization: IBM is notable for their distinctive investigative administrations in the field of specialized interview and IBM Cognos is considered as a significant result of them. Cognos is a cloud based money related framework that acquires adequacy the monetary arrangement of the organizations (ibm.com, 2018). Versatility: Cognos guarantees the development of business. The usage of this framework guarantees the gracefully of important monetary data for dynamic procedure. Furthermore, it is simple open for new clients. Simultaneously, the framework is financially savvy for the organizations (Trigo, Belfo Estbanez, 2014). Usage Speed: Long execution time of the bookkeeping framework expands the expense of the organizations, in this manner, a product ought not take over 60 days for execution. If there should be an occurrence of Cognos, it tends to be seen that it takes 8 to 10 weeks for actualizing (Besson Rowe, 2012). Straightforwardness being used: The actualized budgetary framework should be anything but difficult to utilize. The activities of Cognos is basic as an individual having least information in bookkeeping programming can work this monetary framework. Basic Aspects: It should be referenced that there are sure shrouded negative parts of Cognos. Frequently, bookkeepers face issues while managing stock as there isn't a lot of degree for combination with the new inventories with the former one (Besson Rowe, 2012). Capacities of E-Business: Some significant segments of Cognos help the little and medium size organizations in the money related bookkeeping process; they are progressed monetary administration programming, venture asset arranging programming and others. What's more, it is simple for the clients to join

Two short stories

Two short stories Ive never thought of myself as a sorority girl. In fact, Ive always been the first person to make fun of them. Between the claims of sisterhood and the chanting and singing and oh god, the chanting and singing, I was convinced that joining a sorority was not the way to go. Anyway, my life was already full of far more interesting things, like watching paint dry. Suffice it to say I was not expected to participate in sorority recruitment this year, which is precisely why I did so. Rather than continuing in the vein of bashing sororities indiscriminately, I wanted a valid basis for my sorority-bashing. Seriously though, I was basing my opinion of sororities on everything Id seen and heard of those in other schools. MIT sororities were apparently different. Even after a year here, I wasnt entirely convinced of that. I needed to see this for myself. Im of the opinion that the way to dispel stereotypes about MITs sororities is not to put unsuspecting girls through Formal Recruitment. Formal Recruitment, while giving people equal time to all five of MITs sororities, is sensory overload at its peak. (Youd say the same thing if you saw five instances of 100 identically dressed young women in a single day.) Sure, it works for tons of people; Im partial to the setup of frat rush, where you go where you want to go without four solid days of alphabetical order and time constraints. I did, however, realize that MITs sororities are full of amazing, driven girls, and I was glad to see that sorority stereotypes were for the most part nowhere to be found. And when I received a bid from Sigma Kappa, what had begun as a joke became an extremely difficult decision. I decided not to pledge this year, choosing to wait until next September before giving a definitive answer. So long as I never ever have to go through Formal again, that is. So heres an unwritten rule at MIT for you: sophomores start out taking at least 60 units. See, freshman year just isnt masochistic enough for us. We struggle, suffer, and complain for a full nine months, but its all for naught. The point of the first year at MIT is for us to get over ourselves. Whats that, you say? Someones doing better than I am? Toto, I dont think were in high school anymore! Everythings really hard here! Even if we poor, beaten-down no-longer-frosh come to this revelation the way were supposed to, registration for sophomore fall term begins and were all, Well, lookie here! No more credit limit! I MUST DO EVERYTHING! This is never a good idea. Sooner or later, well become aware of this. We, the overextended sophomores of MIT, will discover that the difference between four and five classes is far larger than we ever could have anticipated. Well drop a class or two and revert to the sane mans 48. I had the above epiphany after spending three hours reading my 5.07 textbook and still not coming close to understanding my problem set. I dropped the class after the first week. Now all thats left is for me to stop believing that my cursory knowledge of all of this terms material will get me As in everything else.

Giganotosaurus vs. Argentinosaurus Who Wins

Child Abuse And Its Effects On Children - 1317 Words

Child abuse has long been an ongoing social problem; this abuse has been one of the repeatedly difficult accusations to prove in our criminal justice system. Child abuse causes many years of suffering for victims. Children abused suffer from chemical imbalances, behavioral issues and are at high risk for becoming abusers or being abused in adult relationships. This cycle of learned behavior and suffering will be a hopeless reoccurring problem unless the criminal justice system and protocols for abusers to undergo reform. Penalties for child abuse are less severe than those given to victims of lesser crimes. Children’s testimonies usually do not hold up in a court of law. The types of abuse are psychological, physical, and sexual. Trauma of†¦show more content†¦Children do not have the capacity to make decisions adults do when it refers to sexual experiences. When they are violated it affects the child the rest of their existence. Mistreatment and exploitation to, comm it against children causes long lasting effects, and no one can predict how the abused child will behave as an adult.† (Milaniak 2015). â€Å"Physically abused children suffer substantial psychological distress and might adopt behaviors that increase the same type of learned behavior.† (O’Rinn 2013). Emotional abuse is damaging to the development of children. Screaming, yelling, or negative hostility causes torturous anguish. As the abused child matures, or the abuse continues, these effects can become critical. Children, who do not receive the affection and attention necessary to flourish, may find it difficult to develop and continue beneficial connections with additional people in later years.† Emotional abuse can cause a child to change the way that they behave. Children could develop actions that defy authority or disrespecting of others.† (Wilson 2014) Sexual abuse is the inappropriate sexual conduct on a child for the sexual predators’ own pleasure and personal gratification.

How to Motivate Employees Free Essays

In today’s world managers face challenge in making employees perform his or her task efficiently. Employee satisfaction is utmost important in successful completion of work in an organization. For job satisfaction apart from monetary value job motivation is important. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Motivate Employees or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each person has different motivation for working. Some people work for money, some work for recognition and some may work since they have passion towards they do. However whatever be the personal causes for job motivation may be the bottom line fact is that everyone works for money, whatever it may be called compensation, salary, bonuses, benefits or remuneration. But money is not the sole factor to motivate an employee towards the work. For example manager might increase salary or may give bonus to an employee but it may not motivate the employee, reason is that unless and until the employee is satisfied with his or her job he would not be dedicated towards the job. Managers need to think of innovative ways to motivate employees. When an employee achieves something managers need to give recognition and praise the same. It helps if he/she acknowledges the performance of the employee in front of the entire work force in the office. Awarding appreciation certificate, ‘Keep it Up’ notes on a regular basis helps a mile to keep an employee engaged, which monetary benefits may not achieve. These acts as recognition and matter of pride for the employee. Recognition can be given at meetings or company-sponsored social gatherings, office lunches, outbound etc. Employers can create an employee newsletter to share updates and recognition. They may also post a bulletin board for employees to share news, hobbies, and recognition. Managers need to hold periodical staff meetings and should communicate openly with the employees. One to one coaching is important for career development. Employees need to know what is potentially ahead for them, what opportunities there are for growth. Regular monitoring process should be done to set the career path for the employee. Employees are human beings so managers need to treat them patiently. Employers can congratulate the employees on life events such as new babies and can wish them on their birthdays, marriage anniversary, Diwali and Christmas by giving them cards. Managers can call an employee into office just to say thank you without discussing any other issue. If any task is fulfilled by the employee, managers can write a thank you card or e-mail. They may send a card to the employee’s spouse/family thanking them for their support. Employers should take employees for an informal lunch and dinner once a week. Managers should call for frequent parties to motivate the employee throughout the year. This will create a bond of togetherness among the employees. Employers should make employees understand that how much he or she is important resource for the organization and if possible should arrange some interaction with the company’s customers. These non-monetary ways motivations are small acts on the part of management but they make huge impact on an employee’s job career. Apart from getting attracted towards money when an employee is motivated to do his or her job then only a sense of bonding and high levels of commitment is developed and an employee thus will perform efficiently. How to cite How to Motivate Employees, Papers How to Motivate Employees Free Essays How to Motivate Employees BUS 201 Principles of Management Prof Brittney Davis By Alesia Smith March 18, 2013 How to Motivate Employees The typical employee needs to be able to provide for their family as well as have job security. At the same time an employee needs to have social interaction with in the work places as well as feel good about his or her self and have respect from others in the work place. Employees want to know that manages realize their full potential in the work place. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Motivate Employees or any similar topic only for you Order Now Meeting the needs of employees give the organization better workers who take pride in the company they work for. The best way to do this is by giving an example of motivation in action when working in a restaurant as a cook the manager did all the training of employees. Mr. Andrews first step was hire a person that needed a job and was willing to work hard. Although she cooked at home it was a big difference for her since this was her first job since her children were little. She had been everywhere looking for work but no one was willing to take a chance on her. By hiring her, he gave her self-esteem a lift he also told her he had confidence that she would do a great job. By hiring her he knew that she would work hard as well as do the best she could, and be more willing to learn all aspects of the business. The fact that she went from no income to an income filled the personal need of providing for her family as well as the self-esteem need by his faith in her ability to do the job. â€Å" By providing a level of pay that enables a person to buy food and clothes and have adequate housing. † ( Jones George2011) After two weeks training she was places on the night shift from ten pm to six am this gave her chance to enhance her ability as a cook since it was a slow paced shift. Mr. Andrews used the employees on each shift to assist him in evaluating the employee’s ability to work well with others as well as how well they did their job on that shift. By doing this How to Motivate Employees he made each employee feel important to the business and motivated them to do their best to serve customer. Mr. Andrews gave raise as well as gave promotions to his employees based on their evaluation. Employees knew that the better job they did the more pay as well as moving up in the company. Within six months the employee he hired move up from shift leader to second shift manager which made her feel even better about herself and her ability to do her job. â€Å"By granting promotions and recognizing accomplishment†(Jones George2011) such as the above instant he fulfill her self-esteem needs again making her feel capable. The fact that Mr. Andrews set a good example for his employees earns their respect and they earn his by their performance at work. Everyone worked as a team and enjoyed working for him and the company and always put forth their best effort to meet customers’ needs as well. Our book states â€Å"that motivation is high when workers believe that high level of effort leads to high performance and high performance leads to the attainment of desired outcome. † (Jones George 2011) I believe that Mr. Andrews meant the expectancy theory in the fact that he knew that his employees would give a high performance and have a good outcome from it. Everyone wants to move forwards in a company and that is what helps them to perform better, employees knew that under Mr. Andrews’s management they would move up in the company as well as have job security. The fact that he expected more of his employees told them that they could do more for their company so they also had high expectation for their selves as well. Mr. Andrews fulfilled all the requirement of hierarchy of needs as you can see by the way he conducted hiring of employees, to training, and promotion of his employees. Employees were proud to work for him and benefit from his business management knowledge. How to Motivate Employees Reference: Jones, G. , George, J. (2011). Essentials of contemporary management (4th Ed. ). Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin. How to cite How to Motivate Employees, Essay examples

Rainbows end free essay sample

Belonging brings to our attention the potential that all individuals are affected by not only their choices but the attitudes of others. The Notion of time allows for an individual’s perception to change and in-turn, form different attitudes towards people as we see through the characters in Rainbows End by Jane Harrison and Othello by William Shakespeare. An individual’s choices and the attitude of others plays an important role in shaping the way that characters perceive their sense of belonging, in both negative and positive ways in â€Å"Rainbows End† through the Koori women, Nan Dear and Gladys and in â€Å"Othello† through Iago and Othello. Through the notion of time, the characters in Rainbows End and Othello undergo a transformation in their choices and attitudes to others which leads to conflict and also acceptance in society. Challenges to the basis of belonging occur with the choices and attitudes of others. The choices of an individual and the attitude of others cause an individuals sense of belonging to change and evolve. In the cases of the characters Nan Dear and Gladys in the play Rainbows End, initially their belonging was to the Flats of Mooroopna. Both women realised the importance of being accepted within society, where they differed, is in their desire to be accepted within white society in the same way that they are in Aboriginal society. The beginning of the play emphasises Gladys’ desire to assimilate. This desire is expressed through Jane Harrison’s dream sequences. In Act 1, Scene 1 the dream sequence â€Å"†¦Gladys presenting a bouquet of flowers to the QUEEN. Instead of being formal, the QUEEN pulls her into a hug† expresses her desire for assimilation and belonging into white society. Jane Harrison’s use of juxtaposition between reality and fantasy symbolises the Indigenous people as a working class society and nothing more, because in Gladys’ dream sequence, she is hugging the queen while in reality she is holding weeds. This dream sequence symbolises Gladys’ position as an aboriginal in white society, as Aboriginals had no place in mainstream society. â€Å"The Queen† represents dominant power symbolising that white society are the dominant people. This enhances Gladys’ passion to assimilate as she wants to be part of the dominant race. While Gladys’ search for acceptance lies mainly in a desire for Aboriginal culture to no longer be marginalised, Nan Dear, due to her objection of white society expresses her desire to be as far from white society as possible. In The Queens Visit in Act1, Scene 1 Nan dear reveals â€Å"they forced us to leave Cummeragunja†. The word â€Å"They† is a strong symbol referring to white society, while â€Å"us† is referring to the indigenous community or the Stolen Generations. This underpins her anger towards white society and is further expressed through her desire â€Å"to go back and die there†. This reiterates the idea of Nan Dear wanting to die with her people instead of in the presence of white society. Gladys and Nan dear’s attitude towards white society juxtapose as Gladys feels as though assimilation is the key to her sense of belonging in society while Nan Dear wants to belong in her Indigenous society. The choices and attitudes of the characters change through the interstices and the end of Rainbows End. A sense of maturity begins to evolve amongst the characters during this point in the play expressing the effects of time on an individual’s attitude. Through the interstices of Rainbows End, Nan Dear puts her self-pride and arrogance aside to see what’s important for Dolly and proves she will do anything for family. In Act 2,Scene1 Nan dears says â€Å"†¦If you still want to move to Rumbullara it’d be better for the girl† which conveys Nan Dear’s desire to help her family anywhere possible even if it means moving to housing controlled by white society and â€Å"Rent Collectors†. This statement also reiterates the notion that with time the choices of an individual can change. Rumbullara or the â€Å"concrete humpies† are a symbol of white societies control over the indigenous community. The Rumbullara housing juxtaposes the Flats, as the flats provided the women with a sense of community, while at Rumbullara they are forced to pay rent and live in a â€Å"white† way. A dramatic change in persona occurs in Gladys from dreaming about being into white culture, she now wants to improve the lives of her people and this is seen at the end on the play. In Act 2, Scene 7 â€Å"she marches up to the podium †, through the use of stage direction, Gladys’ attitude change is highlighted. She is now willing to speak on behalf of her people and fight for what is right. The reading of â€Å"the petition† also shows how her choices can change the attitudes of others around her. Again, through the use of stage direction, the attitude of others, especially the Koori Family, are expressed as â€Å"emotional† and â€Å"Joyful†. Nan dear and Gladys’ choices from the beginning and to the end of the play, juxtapose as they have gone through a transformation, which also affects the attitude of others as seen through the final scene â€Å"the petition† The idea of belonging in a society is also explored in William Shakespeare’s, â€Å"Othello†. The play is about a Venetian army general, Othello, who has just arrived home from duty. Othello is dark skinned which affects his ability to belong in a predominantly white society. The attitudes of others when Othello is in the Venetian society changes completely, Othello being constantly referred to as the â€Å"moor†, referring to him as black, by Iago and also Brabantio, shows this change in attitude. The characters associate Othello’s appearance to his identity. Through Othello’s choices, Iago, Othello’s second in charge, is able to use his own knowledge and change the attitudes of others towards Othello to manipulate him into a mad man. A Juxtaposition exists for Othello between the army and Venetian society. In the army, Othello has full control and a structure that he adheres to. Here he is looked up to and admired by his soldiers. While in society his attitudes change because of his insecurities, causing him to be easily manipulated by Iago. In Act 1, Scene 3 Iago’s hatred towards Othello is expressed through the line â€Å"I hate the Moor, and it is thought abroad, that twixt my sheets†¦for mere suspicion in that kind, Will do as if for surety† expresses the start of Iago’s hatred towards â€Å"the moor†, Othello, as he assumes that Othello slept with his wife. And thus, expresses how Iago will soon make Othello’s life a living hell. Iago pushes Othello to breaking point. Throughout the play Iago uses Othello’s wife, Desdemona, as a motif to play with his mind. In Act 4, Scene 1 Iago says to Othello â€Å"Do it not with poison, strangle her in her bed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  giving Othello ideas on how to kill his wife. This will enhance the change in attitudes of Venetian society as a Killer is regarded as outsider. Furthermore Othello position in society has shifted from being a respected army general, to a murderer. The choices and attitudes of others are an important factor in the progression of the characters in their sense of belonging in Rainbows End and also Othello. Through the choices and attitudes of other characters in Rainbows End and Othello, undergo a transformation overtime in their identity and attitudes which leads to conflict but also acceptance in society. Whether characters in both â€Å"Rainbows end† and â€Å"Othello† are successful in finding a sense of belonging or not, the choices and attitudes of others will ultimately affect their perception of belonging. Points to remember for Essay: Quotes: Techniques Rainbows End â€Å"†¦Gladys presenting a bouquet of flowers to the QUEEN. Instead of being formal, the QUEEN pulls her into a hug† (DREAM SEQUENCE; ACT 1, SCENE 1) Juxtaposition between reality/fantasy Holding weeds instead of queen Symbolise position in white society; no place in mainstream society â€Å"they forced us to leave Cummeragunja† â€Å"to go back and die there† (SYMBOL; ACT 1, SCENE1) They = whites, Us = indigenous Reiterates idea of nan dear wanting to die with her people not whites Underpins anger towards white â€Å"†¦If you still want to move to Rumbullara it’d be better for the girl† (SYMBOL; ACT 2, SCENE 1) Puts self-pride/arrogance aside to do best for family Help family even if it means moving to white controlled housing â€Å"concrete humpies† symbol; white control Rumbullara juxtapose flats; flats = community, Rumbullara = control â€Å"she marches up to the podium † (STAGE DIRECTION, ACT 2 SCENE 7) Confidence Willing to fight for her people Reading of â€Å"petition†; inspires others, changes attitudes, especially koori women Othello â€Å"I hate the Moor, and it is thought abroad, that twixt my sheets†¦for mere suspicion in that kind, Will do as if for surety† (Act 1, Scene 3) Hatred towards othello Make his life a â€Å"living hell† Assumes othello slept with his wife â€Å"Do it not with poison, strangle her in her bed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Act 4, Scene 1) Teaching othello to kill desdmona Iago constantly uses Desdemona as a motif to get to Othello Killers in society = outsiders Othello, shifted attitudes of others; respected general to murderer Belonging brings to our attention the potential that all individuals are affected by not only their choices but the attitudes of others. The Notion of time allows for an individual’s perception to change and in-turn, form different attitudes towards people as we see through the characters in Rainbows End by Jane Harrison and Othello by William Shakespeare. An individual’s choices and the attitude of others plays an important role in shaping the way that characters perceive their sense of belonging, in both negative and positive ways in â€Å"Rainbows End† through the Koori women, Nan Dear and Gladys and in â€Å"Othello† through Iago and Othello. Through the notion of time, the characters in Rainbows End and Othello undergo a transformation in their choices and attitudes to others which leads to conflict and also acceptance in society.

Was he Sane Essay Example For Students

Was he Sane? Essay ELA 12. 30.1March 23, 2004One of the most difficult questions to answer in William Shakespeares play, Hamlet, is; was Prince Hamlet truly mad, or was he just putting on an antic-disposition(I.v.173) Hamlets behavior is frequently changes throughout the course of the play and it makes it hard to distinguish his true nature. However after an in-depth analysis of Hamlets words and actions, prove for both his sanity and madness is evident. Proof toward Hamlets madness first becomes evident in the beginning of the play when Hamlet, upon hearing the truth of his fathers death, began speaking wild and whirling words,(I.v.134) to Horatio and Marcellus. This is significant because Hamlet, usually, is calm, focused, and takes time to think things over, but instead is ranting on about, literally, nothing. Also Horatio pleads to Hamlet not to follow the Ghost, Horatio believes that the ghost cannot be trusted because it may assume some other horrible form, / Which might deprive Hamlets sovereignty of reason / And draw Hamlet into madness (I.iv.72-74) Horatio also believes that spirit could lure Hamlet to the edge of a cliff, where the sight of the depth so many fathoms to the sea,(I.iv.77) would Hamlet fall. This is also significant because Hamlet again does not think about the consequences of his actions, instead he rather risk everything just to find out meaning of the ghost being clothed in his fathers battle uniform, again showing that Hamlet is outside himself. His sarcastic comment, O, wonderful,(I.v.119) also shows that Hamlet is in madness because Hamlet should be furious about what he has been told, but instead he seems happy. How can Hamlet be calm after hearing that his own uncle murdered his father? Its because Hamlet is unable to take control over his actions because what he has heard is unbearable. However not only Horatio and Marcellus think Hamlet is mad, Ophelia and Polonius both believe that Hamlet is Mad for Ophelias love? (II.i.886). They think this because Hamlet came into Ophelias chamber with his doublet all unbracedand pale as his shirt (II.i.79-82). This is, again, not like Hamlet at all; his behavior has been changing constantly, ever since he spoke with the ghost, and now Hamlet seems to have become even deeper into madness because Ophelia, on her fathers orders, wont see him anymore. Hamlet should be thinking out a plan to avenge his fathers death, not work out issues about hi m and Ophelia. However Hamlet shows true madness when he kills Polonius in his mothers chamber. We will write a custom essay on Was he Sane? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Hamlet acted solemnly on impulse when he killed Polonius, and only madmen act on impulse rather than their conscience. He didnt even make an attempt to ask who it was, he just stabbed thinking it might be Claudius because he believed that only Claudius would hide in his mothers chamber. Also when Gertrude asks, what hast thou done,(III.iv.27) Hamlet responds with Nay, I know not.(III.iv.28) This again shows that Hamlet did not know what he was doing when he stabbed through the arras, Hamlet, for the moment was being ruled by his emotions, rather than his conscience, and his emotions overwhelmed him, and therefore if he was not in control of his actions he must be mad. Moreover, after Hamlet kills Polonius the ghost of Hamlets father appears and only he can see him. Hamlet then says to his father to save me, and hover oer me with his wings (III.iv.105), which Gertrude replies, alas, hes mad,(III.iv.107), because she can not believe that Hamlet bends his eye on vacancy(III.iv.119). Thi s is very strange because Horatio and Marcellus were able to see the ghost in the beginning of act one, when they were by themselves, and then when Hamlet was around at the end of act one. But now only Hamlet can see him, this clearly shows that Hamlet, at this time, was mad. However, even thought the evidence towards madness is quite strong the evidence towards his sanity is even stronger. Hamlet, despite his frequent loss of control of his self, is in fact sane. In the beginning of the play Hamlet told Horatio that he was going to fake everything and if anything that Horatio sees is strange or erratic it is because Hamlet is putting an antic disposition on(I.v.173). Hamlet does this so that he would not alert Claudius, and others, of his plan to avenge his father; this tells us that from now on that whatever Hamlet does, he does in a conscientious state. Moreover Hamlets portrays himself as mad only when he is in the presence of certain people. When Hamlet is around Polonius he in sults him with decisive comments that are to pregnant,(II.ii.207) for Polonius to comprehend. To Ophelia, he portrays to be madly in love with her and that she should get thee to a nunnery,(III.i.121) for Hamlet does not want Ophelia to be in harms way because of what his course is. This shows that Hamlet is sane because he is still showing compassion and love towards other characters. However, when Hamlet is around Horatio he behaves normally, and tells him his deepest thoughts and plans; showing that he has trust in certain people, not something a madman would have. I am but mad north-north-west: when the wind is southerly I know a hawk from a handsaw, (II.ii.376-377) this shows that Hamlet still knows who is enemies are and that he can be mad when he wants to be showing he is in control of himself. Hamlet also contemplates considerably on many issues especially about life and death. In Hamlets soliloquy to be or not to be,(III.i.57-91) Hamlet reflects upon committing suicide as a nswer to getting rid all of this pain and misery, but the dread of something after death,(III.i.79) holds him back. This shows that Hamlet is not in madness but instead he is in turmoil, and he does not know what he should do. Hamlet also tells his mother that he is not in madness, but mad in craft,(III.iv.189-190) after he killed Polonius, this shows that Hamlet fell into madness for a slight moment but then came back in control. Hamlet again considers about killing Claudius when he is praying, but comes to the conclusion that this is not the right time. .u10e5d07cb68b919e12b7e0714a1dee78 , .u10e5d07cb68b919e12b7e0714a1dee78 .postImageUrl , .u10e5d07cb68b919e12b7e0714a1dee78 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u10e5d07cb68b919e12b7e0714a1dee78 , .u10e5d07cb68b919e12b7e0714a1dee78:hover , .u10e5d07cb68b919e12b7e0714a1dee78:visited , .u10e5d07cb68b919e12b7e0714a1dee78:active { border:0!important; } .u10e5d07cb68b919e12b7e0714a1dee78 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u10e5d07cb68b919e12b7e0714a1dee78 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u10e5d07cb68b919e12b7e0714a1dee78:active , .u10e5d07cb68b919e12b7e0714a1dee78:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u10e5d07cb68b919e12b7e0714a1dee78 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u10e5d07cb68b919e12b7e0714a1dee78 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u10e5d07cb68b919e12b7e0714a1dee78 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u10e5d07cb68b919e12b7e0714a1dee78 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u10e5d07cb68b919e12b7e0714a1dee78:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u10e5d07cb68b919e12b7e0714a1dee78 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u10e5d07cb68b919e12b7e0714a1dee78 .u10e5d07cb68b919e12b7e0714a1dee78-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u10e5d07cb68b919e12b7e0714a1dee78:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Atomic Bomb EssayHamlet after the play Hamlet knew for sure that Claudius killed his father and had grounds(II.ii.601) to commit this. Hamlet then was given a perfect opportunity to kill Claudius when he has praying. Now I might do itand so he goes to heaventhat would be scanned,(III.iii.74-76) Hamlet does not want Claudius to go to heaven he wants him to go to hell. Hamlets father is in a prison house,(I.v.14) because he could not clear himself of all his sins, and now he is unable to go to heaven. Hamlet says no,(III.iii.89) because he will wait for to commit a more horrid hent,(III.iii.89) before he kills Claudius. This is significant to prove Hamlets madness because it shows that Hamlet is still thinking conscientiously and not out of rage or impulse. However Hamlets sanity is best proven when he reflects on Yorick, and his life and death. Alas, Poor Yorick! I knew him, Horatio.(V.i.178-179) Hamlet is reminiscing the days when he was a child, and all the joys of life that he once knew, instead of all this pain and anguish. Hamlet remembers Yorick as a father figure because Yorick was always around to make Hamlet laugh or pick Hamlet up on to his shoulders. This shows that Hamlet has feelings towards others, and therefore still sane. Hamlet also contemplates about the life of Alexander and Caesar for they both looked o this fashion i the earth,(V.i.192-193) and will eventually be compounded into dust, whereto tis kin.(IV.ii.7) This is Hamlets epiphany because he finally comes to the conclusion that death cannot be avoided, it is our fate and nothing can be done about it. Hamlet also makes the decision to not kill Claudius because life is to precio us to be taken away, and that it should be cherished to the fullest. This is not something that a madman would consider because a madman would not consider life to be that important. Hamlet throughout the play undergoes many erratic and abrupt changes. Hamlet, despite he frequently fell in and out in madness, finally was able to cope with his pain, emotions and his life, and therefore was able to regain his sanity. He was able to do this because he resorted to his intelligence and careful thought to think things through, instead of acting solely on impulse. Works Cited

Treasures in the Dust essays

Treasures in the Dust essays One day after school Ponyboy and his friend Johnny took two Soc girls out to the movies, they were walking home when five Socs jumped them. The Socs were mad at them for taking their girls on dates. Bob (one of the Socs) was about to drown Ponyboy in a fountain when Johnny lost it and stabbed him. The Socs ran and so did Johnny and Ponyboy. After this incident they ran to a church outside of town. One day the church catches on fire. Johnny and Ponyboy save the kids that were playing in the abandoned church. Johnny pushed Ponyboy out of the church right as the roof caved in killing Johnny. Ponyboy and Johnny were heroes. They ruled that Ponyboy was just fighting back in self-defense. Ponyboy eventually writes a book about what has happened to him, the book that Ponyboy starts to write, starts the same way the novel starts. Ponyboy is a nice kid that's parents were killed in a car crash when he was young. Ponyboy has light brown almost red hair, and greenish-gray eyes. He has long hair that is squared off in the back. Ponyboy is a skittish kid; he was always worried about getting jumped by the Socs. But when you are a greaser walking on the streets alone, you have the right to worry about being jumped by the Socs. Ponyboy does a lot of growing up in the book that makes him a dynamic character. He has to cope with a lot of frustration with his two older brothers and with the Socs. He handles it pretty well until one day when he was being jumped by the Socs he spit on one of them that started a brawl that escalated into a murder. Ponyboy has a good relationship with Johnny. Johnny saved Ponyboy's life by killing a Soc when the Soc was drowning Ponyboy. Ponyboy and Johnny have to hide out in an old abandoned church together. They were best friends. Johnny's last words to Ponyboy were "Stay gold, Ponyboy. Stay gold_" This says that Johnny thought that Ponyboy was a great person, and that he wanted him to stay a wonderful and great pers...

Ted Talk Reflection Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ted Talk Reflection Report - Essay Example I must say that the research process turned out to be quiet easy for me in the sense that I had to write about my father’s professional success and how he used the social media, which was in a very nascent stage in his times, to promote and expand his business. Yet, I was required to maintain a measure of detachment while culling out the traits that highlighted my father’s professional success, and to seek a theory of success that imbibed those characteristics and traits. I used a colorful and simple visual selection to make my paper more interesting, thought provoking and self explanatory. The objective of my essay is to bring to fore the essential human qualities, which when combined with the technical possibilities, give way to success and fulfillment. The management gurus and motivational speakers do not happen to be the only custodians of timeless qualities and abilities that promote human happiness. Families and communities also have been the traditional sources of ethics and excellence, which if approached and analyzed in a theoretical framework, can work wonders for the world. The Action Plan from the Doc Spec made the things for me less unwieldy, structured and organized. I must say that I don’t have much experience with essay writing in English. So the Doc Spec facilitated a manageable framework within which I was able to research and brainstorm the topic selected by me. To put it simply, it considerably curtailed the wastage of time, efforts and resources. It allowed me to construct and then build on the topic in a systematic and methodical manner Going through the papers drafted by others allowed me a clear and concise perspective as to what I was expected to do and how I should go about doing it. I more than often focused on the format and style of others to shape and organize my work. It also extended to me a fair idea as to what sources I need to research and how to access those sources. Besides it

Financial Reporting and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Reporting and Analysis - Essay Example NBA franchise and other intangible assets have a value of $164,703 $164702 and $165 035 in years 1996, 1997, and 1998 respectively. This shows that the method of amortisation reflect the pattern of the usage of assets in generation of income. NBA intangible assets are defined in cost less amortisation that has accumulated. Straight line method spread over the useful estimated lives of the intangible assets which is generally 3-7 years provides the amortisation. b) Discontinued operations are referred to as parts of an entity that has been sold or has been put into held for sale grouping. While evaluating the future success prospects of an organization, an investor who has existed or a potential investor who will invest in future would remove the discontinued operations from consideration because these items have no bearing or effects on the future. The concern of the management is that some operations are discontinued to improve the results of the continuing operations. The operation s and cash flows of the part has been removed from the ongoing operations and the entity will not have a significant involvement in the operations of the discontinued part after the transaction of disposal is made. c) Team costs and expenses increased between 1996 and 1997 from $27,891,264 to $40,941,156. This is because of after discontinuing some operations, it would require a major effort to re-establish the operation and requires significant effort and budget to continue the operations as before. This may need extra marketing, extra staffing. There can be a possibility of increase in the cost of living between the two years which would subsequently raise the amount of team costs and expenses. d) Net income was $420,306 and $12,267,317 in year 1997 and 1998 respectively. This was a hefty rise in the value of income. This is because of higher revenue that was gained. Higher revenue resulted from ticket sales and also from Television and radio broadcasting fees in 2008. By constant winning of games, heavy promotion and advertisement through the television and broadcast and also through reaching a wide fan base by selling many tickets resulted to the higher income. Through maintaining lower expenses such as team costs and expenses, selling and promotion, general and administrative in the year 1998 resulted to an increase in net income. e) Noting that net income was higher in 1996, distributions declared were higher in 1998 than in 1996, with $0.50 per unit. Distributions are that portion of corporate profits that is made by a corporation to its shareholders. Net income can either be re-invested in the business or distributed to stockholders. In 1996, the main source of the net income was from the discontinued operations income. This income was better invested back to the business instead of distributing it to the shareholders. This would help avoid double taxation and be realised as capital gains. Case 10-7 Cash movements and Periodic Income Determination a) I ncome determination is not an exact science. It is the best estimate of determination of what will be the base of individuals’ income on the evidence the individual presents. The base period can be the month for which revenue verification and identification of an individual is a requirement. Month’s income is used for the projection of income. Income averaged and a conversion factor can be used to reach at a quantifiable monthly income. b) Cash flow estimation is the prediction whose main purpose is the anticipation of the disbursements and receipts of cash. It is a fixed amount of time that it covers. Cash sensitivity and aggressiveness determines the penetration

Pigovian Tax: Analysis and Overview

Pigovian Tax: Analysis and Overview Neo-classicals uphold perfect competition as the ideal state of the market. But in truth, the economy is fraught with market failures. Therefore, we need government interference to correct many of these market failures. Pigovian Tax imposed by the government is one such course of intervention. It helps to curb negative externalities (e.g. pollution) and reduce the burden on the society caused by the externalities (social costs of production and consumption). Moreover, it attacks over-consumption, bringing it closer to the socially optimal level of production and/or consumption. The paper examines the effects of Pigovian tax and analyses its degree of effectiveness on an economy. What is Pigovian Tax? Pigovian tax is a kind of tax, which is levied to correct a negative cost that is created by the actions of any business firm, but that is not considered in a firms private costs or profits. Also known as sin tax, it is a tax placed on an action with a  negative externality,  to correct market failure (Mankiw, 2010). In the presence of negative externalities, the  social cost  Ã‚  of a market activity is not covered by the private cost of the activity. In such a case, the market outcome is not  efficient  Ã‚  and may lead to over-consumption of the product. A Pigovian tax equal to the negative externality is thought to correct the market outcome back to the level of efficiency. For example, a factory does not financially take into consideration the damages caused to the environment by their emissions. By imposing Pigovian Tax, the government can artificially make the firms bear the cost of the damages, which will ideally be equal to what the price would have been if a market for such an activity existed. In a country like Canada with a publicly funded health care system, that is, where the medical service of every patient is funded from government revenues, the cigarette tax acts as a Pigovian tax it raises the revenue necessary to offset the expenses towards the health care system, as a consequence of smoking. Pigovian Tax in Implementation This idea was first put forward by Arthur Cecil Pigou in the year 1912. In his book, The Economics of Welfare, he argued that industrialists seek their own marginal private interest, while not taking into account the social costs of their activities. Pigovian tax is the difference between marginal social cost and the marginal private cost, which is equal to the marginal external cost, shown as Tax in the diagram. The tax level may not equal the marginal external cost at quantities other than the socially optimum equilibrium level. The diagram indicates that marginal external cost increases with increase in quantity produced or consumed. After imposition of the Pigovian Tax, the new supply curve intersects demand (the marginal benefit) at the socially efficient quantity. As a result, the new competitive equilibrium, taking into account the amount of the tax, is efficient. Although this tax works perfectly in theory, its practical implementation is very difficult due to a lack of complete information on the cost of the damages to the environment. When Arthur Pigou first came up with the concept, he laid down a set of assumptions, one of which is a perfectly competitive market. Yet, perfect competition is an unrealistic situation. Monopoly, monopsony and oligopoly markets are commonplace. To internalize the external cost, the government needs to intervene by way of imposing taxes. Pigovian tax can be applied to all spheres of production, be it production of a good (automobile) or service (transportation, banking etc). Baumol and Oates (1975) argue that if Pigovian tax is set equal to the level of marginal damage (external cost) at the Pareto-optimal level of pollution, the industry will move towards its optimal pollution level. The tax is applied to the production of a good that has an externality. Overhead: Pigovian Tax Anatomy from Diagram 2- i. Unregulated result (Q, P) ii. Socially efficient level of production = Q iii. Efficient Pigovian tax = P-P iv. Tax payment to government (shared by consumer and producers = PACP v. Gross benefit from decrease in externality = ADBC vi. Foregone consumption benefits i.e., the social cost of abatement = ABC vii. Net benefit to society = ADB Pigovian tax enhances welfare of the society; restricting over-consumption. It also generates additional revenue for the government. Roland Coase (1960) propounded that if markets may not secure the optimal amount of externality, they can be very gently nudged in that direction without the necessity for full-scale regulatory activity. Yet again, the coarse theorem faces criticism. Property rights are not as strictly defined as required by the coarse theorem. Coarse argued that social costs are even worse if only the offender pays for the social harm and not the consumers for whom the goods and services are produced. Under the Pigovian Tax, it is only the firms who pay for the externalities. Moreover, it is difficult to calculate the right tax in a world of imperfect Coarsian bargains. The concept has evolved through time and many similar ideas were developed such as the Coarse theorem, emission trading i.e. cap and trade (Europe), Environmental Protection agencies (U.S.) formed with the idea of command and control, carbon tax, and tradable permits. The principal problem remains that of quantifying the externality. There is some debate about whether to quantify externalities if the methods are imperfect. The usual response is that as long as we are honest about the flaws in the numbers, it is better to have some numbers than none (Phillips, Carl V, 1999). The benefits accrued by taxing externalities are more than that without taxing the externalities as shown with the game theory approach. The co-ordination game consists of two players, Company A and Company B, with two strategies: Subject to Pigovian Tax and Not Subject to Pigovian Tax. The payoffs of each player are given in the matrix. Nash equilibrium occurs at 2 points, when both companies are subject to Pigovian taxes and when both companies are not subject to Pigovian taxes. If both the companies are ready to bear the social costs, the benefits of sustainability accrued to the companies and society as a whole are more than if the costs are not borne by either company. The many forms of Pigovian Tax Since players dont always come to a socially efficient negotiation, there is a traditional way of limiting externalities command and control. This approach sets quantity limits on activities that have external effects. However, the method is cumbersome. While this method has been undertaken by the US government, the economies of Europe consider cap and trade as a better solution. It causes the least polluting firms to do the majority of the production since their social cost of production is the lowest. Rajeev K. Goel and Edward W. T. Hsieh laid down a two-period model in their research (Durable Emissions and Optimal Pigovian Taxes) where a social planner minimizes social damage by setting the per-unit Pigovian tax on a polluting monopolist. Results show that for a given level of production, the durability of emissions and the socially optimal Pigovian tax are negatively related. Mike Moffatt, in his article named Pigovian Taxes Joining the Pigou  Club; Promoting Economic Growth and Reducing  Externalities, wrote in favor of Pigovian Tax, stating, One of the uses of taxes is to discourage activity that has negative externalities, or we believe is otherwise economically/socially harmful. The benefits accrued versus the inherent failings In addition to correcting social disequilibrium, these taxes also raise revenue for the state. In 2004-2005, the Canadian government collected $16.7 billion in other taxes, which were largely Pigovian taxes such as energy taxes and excise taxes on cigarettes and alcohol (Moffat, 2006). In theory, using Pigovian taxes to correct what economists call market failures is simple. But in practice, its not so. The important problem often ignored by advocates of Pigovian taxes is what might be called the measurement problem or the Knowledge Problem. Pigou himself also declared that it must be confessed, however, that we seldom know enough to decide in what fields and to what extent the State, on account of [the gaps between private and public costs] could interfere with individual choice (Pigou, 1954). Pigou and  Friedrich Hayek  point out that the assumption that the government can determine the marginal social cost of a negative externality and convert that amount into a monetary value is a key weakness in the framework of the Pigovian tax. The economists blackboard model assumes knowledge we dont possess its a model with assumed givens, which are in contrast with real-world happenings.  Friedrich Hayek  would argue that this is knowledge which could not be prov ided as a given by any method, yet could be discovered, due to insuperable cognitive limits. However, the key difficulty with this tax is calculating what level of applied tax would counterbalance the negative externalities. Even when a Pigovian tax is charged to correct the market imperfection in a world with regulations and efficient transfers, the observed amount of the externality (e.g., pollution) is unlikely to be zero since we will still observe some externalities as a consequence of the exchanges and transfers. The rate of tax best set should be equal to the per-unit external cost that spills over into the society. A tax imposed without such calculations may well be inefficient and redundant. There is also political influence on the levied tax, in such a way that lobbying of government by the polluters may tend to reduce the level of the tax levied and which would ultimately reduce the mitigating effect of tax and lead to increase in production. Instead of accomplishing the goal of the tax imposed, the burden shifts to the society. Thomas A. Barthold (1994) argued that in the US in the year 1994, the actual policy decisions often came from budget requirements, and not concern for the environment. The taxes do not always comply with economic theory because social benefits and costs are hard to measure. He uses the 1989 Montreal Protocol as an example. President George H. W. Bush signed this protocol that allowed either a permit auction or a tax on ozone-depleting chemicals. Barthold attributes the decision to implement the tax to the pressure on the Ways and Means committee to come up with more consistent revenue. Like the other taxes imposed by the government, Pigovian tax gives air to malpractices like black marketing, smuggling and child labour, especially if they create large differences in the prices of products, which are popular, and if the demand for the product increases in spite of the increase in production. Pigovian Tax imposed by the government is a complex mechanism. It has its societal merits and elementary de-merits. While it covers the cost of negative externalities and eliminates the burden of society, on the same page, it may also hamper the growth of industries leading to inefficiency of small industries. In a monopsony market, where there is only one buyer, it is difficult to impose Pigovian tax since the burden of the tax will be borne by one entity. This may consequently lead to rise in the prices of the commodity. When Pigovian tax is imposed, in a monopolistic competitive market, the tax will be borne by a large number of consumers and hence, the burden of tax is divided. While it can be said that imposing Pigovian tax would lead to a reduction in the level of quantity produced of a commodity by an industry, it can also cause the industries to look upon to new advancements in technologies. This will open doors to research and innovation in the field. For example, the company AkzoNobel Industrial Chemicals is always trying to innovate and make a leap forward in its development to achieve its target to reduce CO2 emissions. Its production facility in Mariager in Denmark uses wood to generate electricity. Wood and other plant-based materials are also used to produce chemical building blocks. Moreover, this shift in technology by commodity producers will cause the externality to be automatically internalised. Whatever benefits Pigovian taxes might be able to provide, it will usually give diminishing returns past a certain point, where the government might fail to achieve their objectives of meaningfully reducing the excess social costs. Instead, these kinds of taxes would appear to simply become a vehicle by which politicians may raise tax revenue by imposing a discriminatory tax policy aimed at an undesirable minority. Therefore, only where  institutional and trade solutions are not efficient, the government should consider whether specific  interventions, regulation or specific  taxes are appropriate to address externalities. These measures are preferable when the net efficiency gains from the  intervention are larger than the associated administrative and compliance costs. This suggests that intervention is desirable when externalities are reasonably large.

American Community Survey

American Community Survey An Overview of the American Community Survey Have you ever thought about how, or why, new roads, schools, after-school programs, or hospitals are placed in communities? What makes communities attractive to new businesses or tourists? Why there is no ATM or video store on a street corner? The answers often lie in the numbers: numbers that reflect what our communities look like, how our communities have changed, and how those changes impact our daily lives. Most importantly, the numbers reflect how our communities are meeting the needs created by these changes.Traditionally, these numbers have been collected during the census every 10 years. Those numbers play a critical role for states and local communities in determining their share of federal money for schools, roads, senior citizen centers, and other services. In today’s world, our communities can change very quickly. Between decennial censuses, local governments, organizations and businesses need t imely data to assess and plan for local needs. Costly mistakes can result when planners do not have current data on which to base their decisions. That is one of the reasons why the U. S.Census Bureau has moved to a whole new way of gathering data to help answer those questions. Rather than taking a snapshot of a community once every ten years, the American Community Survey provides a dynamic and much timelier moving picture of the nation, every year. Overview * What is the American Community Survey? * Content * Survey Methodology * Data Products * How is it different from Census 2000? This presentation will give you an overview of the American Community Survey. We will answer the question â€Å"What is the American Community Survey? † and then move on to discuss the content, methodology, and data products.We will wrap up with a brief summary of how the American Community Survey is different from Census 2000. What is the American Community Survey? The American Community Surve y, sometimes referred to as the ACS, is a nationwide survey that collects essentially the same information on people and housing that was collected on the long-form questionnaire used in Census 2000. The American Community Survey is a continuous survey, in which each month a sample of housing unit addresses receives a questionnaire. About three million addresses are surveyed each year.The American Community Survey is a critical element in the Census Bureau's new approach to future censuses. Decennial Census In Census 2000, the census used 2 forms 1. â€Å"short† form – asked for basic demographic and housing information, such as age, sex, race, how many people lived in the housing unit, and if the housing unit was owned or rented by the resident 2. â€Å"long† form – collected the same information as the short form but also collected more in-depth information such as income, education, and language spoken at home * Only a small portion of the population, called a sample, received the long form.Two forms were used during Census 2000. The â€Å"short form† asked several questions on the most basic demographic and housing topics. These questions asked about age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, the number of people living in the housing unit, and if the housing unit was owned or rented by the resident. The â€Å"long form† collected the same information as the â€Å"short form,† but it also asked questions on additional topics. Thirty-two questions were asked of each resident of the housing unit on such topics as marital status, education, language spoken at home, employment, occupation, and others.Twenty-one questions were asked about the housing unit itself, so only one resident of that housing unit was asked to provide information on such topics as plumbing and kitchen facilities, type and cost of utilities, value of the property, and others. Only a sample of the total U. S. population received the long form. The dat a from the long form are called â€Å"sample data. † The basic data collected on both the short and the long forms are called â€Å"100 percent data† since these questions were asked for 100 percent of the U. S. population. 2010 Census and American Community Survey * 2010 Census will focus on counting the U.S. population * The sample data are now collected in the ACS * Puerto Rico is the only U. S. territory where the ACS is conducted * 2010 Census will have a long form for U. S. territories such as Guam and U. S. Virgin Islands * Same â€Å"short form† questions on the ACS The upcoming 2010 Census will include only one form sent to the entire U. S. population. That form will ask only questions similar to those contained in previous census short forms. The 2010 Census will provide a basic count of the U. S. population, collecting only the most basic demographic and housing information.Detailed demographic, social, economic, and housing data will no longer be col lected as part of the decennial census. * The data that were collected from the long form sample are now produced from the American Community Survey. * The American Community Survey collects data from the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, where it is called the Puerto Rico Community Survey. The American Community Survey does not collect data from the other U. S. territories, such as Guam and the U. S. Virgin Islands. The 2010 decennial census will continue to collect long form type data for these areas. The questions that are asked on the 2010 Census are also asked on the American Community Survey questionnaire.American Community Survey Content The content collected by the American Community Survey can be grouped into four main types of characteristics – social, economic, housing, and demographic. Let’s take a closer look at the type of information each of these categories contain. American Community Survey Social Characteristics * Education * Marit al Status * Fertility * Grandparent Caregivers * Veterans * Disability Status * Place of Birth * Citizenship * Year of Entry Language Spoken at home * Ancestry/ Tribal Affiliation Social characteristics include topics such as education, marital status, fertility, grandparent caregivers, veterans, disability status, place of birth, citizenship status, year of entry, language spoken at home, ancestry and tribal affiliation. American Community Survey Economic Characteristics * Income * Benefits * Employment Status * Occupation * Industry * Commuting to Work * Place of Work Economic characteristics include such topics as income, benefits, employment status, occupation, industry, commuting to work, and place of work.Data on the economic characteristics of the population are collected to assess the well-being of individuals and households. American Community Survey Housing Characteristics * Tenure * Occupancy ;amp; Structure * Housing Value * Taxes ;amp; Insurance * Utilities * Mortgage/M onthly Rent Housing characteristics include topics such as tenure, occupancy and structure, housing value, taxes and insurance, utilities, and mortgage or monthly rent. This housing data gives us a measure of the housing stock of the country. American Community Survey Demographic Characteristics * Sex Age * Race * Hispanic Origin The American Community Survey also collects the basic demographic characteristics such as sex, age, race and Hispanic origin. This is the same information that will be collected by Census 2010. American Community Survey 2008 Content Changes * Three new questions * Health Insurance Coverage * Veteran’s Service-connected Disability * Marital History * Deletion of one question * Time and main reason for staying at the address * Changes in some wording and format Several changes were made to the American Community Survey questionnaire at the beginning of 2008.Three new questions were added and one question was deleted. The three new questions are on heal th insurance coverage, veteran’s service-connected disability, and marital history. These new data will begin to be available during the data release in 2009. The deleted question measured the time and main reason for staying at the sampled address. These data were used for internal research purposes and the data were not published in the data products. Changes were also made to some of the demographic questions so that they are consistent with the questions that will be on the 2010 Census questionnaire.American Community Survey Methodology * Sample includes about 3 million addresses each year * Three modes of data collection * mail * phone * personal visit * Data are collected continuously throughout the year About 3 million addresses are selected for the American Community Survey sample every year. The American Community Survey data collection operation uses three modes that take place over a three-month period: mail, telephone, and personal visit. For most housing units th e first phase of data collection includes a questionnaire mailed to the sample address for the household to complete and return by mail.If no response by mail is received, the Census Bureau follows up with computer assisted telephone interviewing, or CATI, if a telephone number is available for the address. If the Census Bureau is unable to reach an occupant of the unit using CATI, or if the household refuses to participate, the address may be selected for computer assisted personal interviewing, or CAPI. At any point in this process, receipt of a completed questionnaire from the sampled address results in the address being removed from the data collection workload. Data for the American Community Survey are collected continuously throughout the year.Interviews conducted between January 1st and December 31st of a given year are aggregated to produce annual estimates for calendar years. For example, interviews conducted between January 1st and December 31st of 2009 are aggregated to produce estimates for 2009. American Community Survey Target Population * Resident population of the United States and Puerto Rico * Living in housing units and group quarters * Current residents at the selected address * â€Å"Two month† rule Interview and residence rules define the target population for a survey.These rules therefore identify the units and the people eligible for inclusion in the survey. The sampling frame reflects this choice of universe, as do the instructions on the forms and in the procedures used by survey interviewers during follow-up. The American Community Survey collects data from all persons without regard to their legal status or citizenship. In 2005 the target population was limited to the housing unit population of the US and Puerto Rico. For the first time in 2006, and for every year thereafter, the American Community Survey has included the resident population living in BOTH housing units and group quarters.The American Community Survey resid ence rules were established to collect data from people who are currently living at the selected address. For inclusion in the survey, these rules require that, at the time the questionnaire is completed, the respondent is living or staying at the housing unit address for more than two months. American Community Survey Group Quarters Group quarters are places where people live or stay that are normally owned or managed by an entity or organization providing housing and/or services for the residents.These services may include custodial or medical care as well as other types of assistance, and residency is commonly restricted to those receiving these services. The group quarters population is divided into two categories, the Institutional group quarters population and the Non-institutional group quarters population. The Institutional group quarters population includes residents under formally authorized supervised care. Examples of these facilities include skilled nursing facilities, adult correctional facilities, and psychiatric hospitals. The Non-institutional group quarters population includes residents of college/university housing, ilitary barracks, and group homes. American Community Survey Period Estimates * ACS estimates are period estimates, describing the average characteristics over a specified period * Contrast with point-in-time estimates that describe the characteristics of an area on a specific date * 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year estimates will be released for geographic areas that meet specific population thresholds American Community Survey period estimates describe the average characteristics of the population or housing over a specified period of time. In the case of American Community Survey one-year estimates, the period is the calendar year.For example, the 2007 American Community Survey data describe the population and characteristics of an area from January 1, 2007 through December 31, 2007, not for any specific day within the year. The Ame rican Community Survey collects survey information continuously nearly every day of the year and then aggregates the results over a specific period of time – one year, three years, or five years. The data collection is spread evenly across the entire period represented so as not to over-represent any particular month or year within the period. American Community Survey Data Products Release ScheduleAmerican Community Survey period estimates describe the average characteristics of the population or housing over a specified period of time. In the case of American Community Survey one-year estimates, the period is the calendar year. For example, the 2007 American Community Survey data describe the population and characteristics of an area from January 1, 2007 through December 31, 2007, not for any specific day within the year. The American Community Survey collects survey information continuously nearly every day of the year and then aggregates the results over a specific period of time – one year, three years, or five years.The data collection is spread evenly across the entire period represented so as not to over-represent any particular month or year within the period. American Community Survey Data Products Profiles * Data Profiles * Narrative Profiles * Comparison Profiles * Selected Population Profiles Tables * Detailed Tables * Subject Tables * Ranking Tables * Geographic Comparison Tables * Thematic Maps * Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) Files The American Community Survey data products are similar to those produced from the decennial census long form.Like the decennial sample data products, the American Community Survey products show the characteristics of the country’s population and housing. These products include four broad types of products – profiles, tables, thematic maps, and Public Use Microdata Sample, or PUMS, files. There are multiple types of profiles and tables – data profiles, narrative profiles, compar ison profiles, selected population profiles, detailed tables, subject tables, ranking tables, and geographic comparison tables. All of the data products are available on the Census Bureau’s American FactFinder.The data products are explored in depth in the presentation titled â€Å"Data Products from the American Community Survey. † American Community Survey Learning More * ACS Main Page * 2007 Data Product Details * Subject Definitions * Guidance on Comparing 2007 Data to Other Sources * Design and Methodology Report * The ACS Compass Products The American Community Survey Web site has a lot of information about the program, its data products, and evaluation of the data. The next several slides will present some valuable resources for learning more about the American Community Survey.We will look at the ACS Main page, the 2007 Data Product Details, Subject Definitions, Guidance on Comparing 2007 Data to Other Sources, the ACS Design and Methodology Report, and The ACS Compass Products. The upcoming slides show static images of the American Community Survey Web site taken in late-September 2008. As the Web site is continually updated, these images may differ slightly from what is currently on the active Web site. At the bottom of each of the upcoming slides are the Internet addresses for the Web page that the slide is referencing. American Community Survey ACS Main PageThe American Community Survey Main Page has links to valuable information. Currently, one of those links is the â€Å"2007 ACS Data Release. † It is accessible under the â€Å"Highlights† section on the main American Community Survey Webpage: http://www. census. gov/acs/www. The Highlights section changes periodically so the most recent American Community Survey happenings are highlighted. You can always access information on the latest data release by clicking on â€Å"Access Data† in the top menu bar or by directly typing in the Web address, http://www. censu s. gov/acs/www/Products/. American Community Survey 2007 Data ReleaseThe 2007 ACS Data Release page includes links to four ways to access American Community Survey data. They are the American FactFinder, the File Transfer Protocol or FTP site, the Public Use Microdata Sample or PUMS files, and Request a Custom tabulation. It also contains data user tools and tips as well as important documentation. This page is where you can access much of the information you may need when using American Community Survey data. In the image on this slide, arrows highlight hyperlinks to 2007 Data Product Details and Comparing ACS Data, both located under the Data User Tools and Tips column.Under the Documentation column, arrows highlight hyperlinks to Subject Definitions, Errata, User Notes, and the ACS Design and Methodology report. We will now briefly explore each of these resources. American Community Survey 2007 Data Product Details The 2007 Data Product Details contains table shells and their ID numbers, maps, geographic areas, and more. At the top left of the page, you can use the drop down menu to select the state you’re interested in and it will produce the list of geographic areas that are published for that state. There will be a similar tool for the three-year estimates that will be released in December 2008.The box in the middle of the page allows you to look at table shells by topic. These table shells do not contain any data, however they are a useful mechanism for seeing the data that are offered and the format of those data before going to American FactFinder to begin your data retrieval. At the bottom of the page you’ll find some downloadable files that contain detailed documentation on the data products. One of these files allows users to see if the 2007 American Community Survey produced a table that is comparable to a table produced from the Census 2000 Summary File 3.Another file lists all of the tables that are new, have been deleted, or have been modified since the release of the previous year’s data. Also on this page is a document that provides instructions for applying statistical testing to American Community Survey data, so that you can test to see whether changes in the data are statistically valid. Each of these files will open in a new window and can be saved on your computer. American Community Survey 2007 Data Product Details The image on this slide shows the table crosswalk that is found by clicking on the link titled â€Å"Census 2000 Summary File 3 detailed tables with comparable ACS tables. The crosswalk offers information about the table’s title, id number and the subject area for both the Census 2000 Summary File 3 and the 2007 American Community Survey. It also contains information on how the 2007 American Community Survey and Census 2000 Summary File 3 tables correspond to one another.This is available as a downloadable Excel file from the Data Product Details page. American Community Su rvey Comparison Guidance * Comparing 2007 ACS to 2006 ACS * Census Bureau supports comparisons made between 2006 and 2007 ACS data * Comparing 2007 ACS to Census 2000 Differences between the 2007 ACS and Census 2000 include residence rules, universes, and reference periods. The Census Bureau provides guidance to users that want to compare 2007 American Community Survey data with data from other sources. You will also find a link on this web page to guidance on comparing 2006 ACS data to other sources. Guidance is needed before drawing conclusions because in some instances comparisons could be misleading due to differences in questions or methods. The Census Bureau supports comparisons made between 2006 and 2007 ACS data.When comparing 2007 American Community Survey data to Census 2000 data, the user should keep in mind the differences that exist between the 2007 ACS and Census 2000. As noted earlier, these include differences in residence rules, universes, and reference periods. For example, the 2007 ACS uses a â€Å"two-month† residence rule – defined as anyone living for more than two months in the sample unit when the unit is interviewed whereas Census 2000 used a â€Å"usual residence† rule – defined as the place where a person lives or stays most of the time.We encourage you to review the guidance on our website which provides useful information for every variable. American Community Survey Comparing Data The Census Bureau provides guidance to users that want to compare 2007 American Community Survey data with data from other sources. You will also find a link on this web page to guidance on comparing 2006 ACS data to other sources. Guidance is needed before drawing conclusions because in some instances comparisons could be misleading due to differences in questions or methods. The Census Bureau supports comparisons made between 2006 and 2007 ACS data.When comparing 2007 American Community Survey data to Census 2000 data, the u ser should keep in mind the differences that exist between the 2007 ACS and Census 2000. As noted earlier, these include differences in residence rules, universes, and reference periods. For example, the 2007 ACS uses a â€Å"two-month† residence rule – defined as anyone living for more than two months in the sample unit when the unit is interviewed whereas Census 2000 used a â€Å"usual residence† rule – defined as the place where a person lives or stays most of the time.We encourage you to review the guidance on our website which provides useful information for every variable. American Community Survey User Notes The user notes section provides important information about the data by specific year. For example, the first note listed on the screen references the â€Å"Modification Made in 2007 ACS Weighting Methodology for Orleans and St. Bernard Parishes in Louisiana. † It states the following: â€Å"The review of the 2007 operational data disco vered evidence that suggests a high incidence of misclassification of uninhabitable units as vacant units.The effect of misclassification was almost entirely removed through a modification in the weighting methodology for Orleans and St. Bernard Parishes. The effect of the weighting adjustment was to down-weight units that had the vacancy status of ‘Other Vacant. ’ This modification resulted in more consistent and accurate ACS estimates of the number of vacant units and ‘persons per household’ in these two parishes. This modification was also made to the 2006 ACS weighting methodology. † American Community Survey Errata NotesThe Errata notes page will provide users with information on any updates made to the data due to detected errors. For example, the errata note 46, which is the first entry on the screen, references â€Å"Subject Table S2101 and Base Table B21002 for years prior to 2007, period of military service. † The errata note states t he following: â€Å"Due to an editing error, veteran's period of service (VPS) was being incorrectly assigned for some individuals. The majority of the errors misclassified some people who reported only serving during the Vietnam Era as having served in the category â€Å"’Gulf War and Vietnam Era. The remainder of the errors misclassified some people who reported only serving between the Vietnam Era and Gulf War as having served in the category ‘Gulf War. ’ These errors have been resolved for the 2007 tabulations. â€Å" American Community Survey Subject Definitions The Subject Definitions document is a glossary of all American Community Survey measures. In the 2007 version, definitions of the quality measures describing American Community Survey data have been added. Versions for the 2002 through 2007 American Community Surveys are available. American Community SurveySubject Definitions The Subject Definitions document includes explanations of the measures. For example, the partial definition of the â€Å"Language Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English† measure that is shown on this slide tells us that the questions are only asked of people aged 5 years and older. The full definition provides other important information about this measure. American Community Survey Design and Methodology Report * Important reference document covering methods used in producing ACS data * American Community Survey How to Use the DataThe ACS Design and Methodology paper describes the basic design of the American Community Survey and details the full set of methods and procedures that are currently in place. An updated version of the paper is forthcoming. This report can be accessed from the 2007 Data Release page. American Community Survey How to Use the Data The geography notes section provides a brief explanation of the Census Bureau’s geographic terms. Geography notes are located on the â€Å"How to Use the Data† Web page. The yellow toolbar that sits just below the American Community Survey banner is accessible from all pages on the AmericanCommunity Survey Web site. Click on â€Å"How to Use the Data,† which is the fourth tab from the right. American Community Survey Geography Notes The geography notes provide an overview of the types of geographic areas that are presented in American Community Survey data products. At the bottom of the page are printable . pdfs for the current year and past years of the American Community Survey. American Community Survey The ACS Compass Products * Set of educational handbooks aimed at specific audiences * Presentation slides on important ACS topics E-learning tutorial In recognition of the need to provide guidance on new concepts and the challenges they bring to users of American Community Survey data, the U. S. Census Bureau is developing a series of educational materials called The ACS Compass Products. The ACS Compass Products include user-specific handbook s, PowerPoint presentations, and an on-line tutorial. The handbooks provide user-friendly information about the ACS and the multiyear estimates available in 2008. Each handbook targets a specific user group including first time ACS data users.The PowerPoint presentations, such as this, provide important information on various aspects of the American Community Survey. These presentations were developed for two main purposes: (1) for individual to use to learn more about the ACS and (2) to provide a wide audience with the tools needed to conduct training on the ACS. Each presentation consists of approximately 35 slides and the accompanying speakers’ notes. The presentations have also been recorded as multimedia files so users can learn about the ACS without having to read the presentations or attend a training session.An on-line tutorial that enables users to understand and appropriately use ACS data is also planned for future release. American Community Survey Similarities wit h Census 2000 * Same questions and many of the same basic statistics * 5-year estimates will be produced for same broad set of geographic areas including census tracts and block groups Now that we have explored the American Community Survey program and products, let’s wrap up by answering the question â€Å"How is the American Community Survey different from Census 2000? As mentioned earlier, the American Community Survey asks many of the same questions and produces many of the same basic statistics as the sample data from Census 2000.American Community Survey data will be produced for geographies as large as the nation and as small as block groups. Five-year estimates will be produced for the same broad set of geographic areas that received sample data from Census 2000, including census tracts and block groups. American Community Survey Key Differences from Census 2000 Beginning in 2010, data for small geographic areas will be produced every year versus once every 10 years * Data for larger areas are available now and data for mid sized area will be available in December 2008 * Census 2000 data described the population and housing as of April 1, 2000 while ACS data describe a period of time and require data for 12 months, 36 months, or 60 months As opposed to the decennial census which produced data once every 10 years, the American Community Survey will provide a continuous stream of updated information for states and local areas.Updated data from the American Community Survey will be released every year. Updated data have been available since 2005 for areas with populations of 65,000 or more. Data in the form of three-year estimates will be available for areas with populations of 20,000 or more in December 2008. American Community Survey estimates provide information about the characteristics of population and housing for areas over a specified period of time.American Community Survey single-year and multiyear estimates contrast with â€Å"point-in -time† estimates, such as those from the decennial census long form samples, which are designed to measure characteristics as of a certain date or narrow time period. For example, Census 2000 was designed to measure the characteristics of population and housing in the United States based upon data collected around April 1, 2000, and thus its data reflect a narrower timeframe than American Community Survey data. American Community SurveyKey Differences from Census 2000 * The goal of ACS is to produce data comparable to the Census 2000 long form data * These estimates will cover the same small areas as Census 2000 but with smaller sample sizes * Smaller sample sizes for 5-year ACS estimates results in reductions in the reliability of estimates In Census 2000 approximately 17 percent of the housing units received a long form. Statistics from this sample were produced for a broad set of geographic areas including the nation, all states, counties, census tracts, and block groups.Fi ve years of American Community Survey data are needed to produce estimates comparable to the estimates produced from the Census 2000 long form. A benefit that users will gain from the American Community Survey is the more timely issuance of the data and the greater frequency with which the data are released. Also, it produces information for small areas, including tracts and block groups, which will be updated every year instead of once every decade. The sample sizes for the 5-year ACS estimates will be smaller than the sample sizes were for Census 2000. This will result in a reduction in the reliability of the estimate.