Business Management Essay -- Business Management

Business ManagementThe world of business has undergone radical and melodramatic changes in the last decade changes that present extraordinary ch eitherenges for the contemporary manager. A manager is an organizational member who is responsible for planning, organizing, leading, and keep backling the activities of the organization so that the goals fuck be achieved. According to a widely referenced study by Henry Mintzberg, managers serve three primary roles interpersonal, informational, and decision-making. Management is process of administrating and coordinating resources in effect and efficiently in an effort to achieve the goals of the organization. The concept of management within an organization typically occurs in an organizational setting. Organizations compromise a group of individuals who stimulate together toward common goals. The concept of management within an organization can also be looked upon as a context as well as a process. Within the process of management ther e are four major functions planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Managers at all levels of the organizational hierarchy must engage in planning. Planning involves setting goals and defining the actions necessary to achieve those goals. In planning the top-level manager establishes the overall goals and strategies for the organization. While on the other hand the other managers in the hierarchy develop operational plans for their work groups, which has a responsibility to help the organization. All the managers must develop goals that are supportive in the over all strategy of the organization.Organizing involves determining the tasks to be done, which will do them, and how those tasks will be managed and coordinated. Managers of an organization have to put a work team together so that proper information, resources, and tasks can flow properly and efficiently in an organization.Managers should be able to lead the members of their work groups toward the accomplishment of the organizations goals. Leading is defined as motivating and directing the members of the organization so that they contribute to the achievement of the goals of the organization. In order for leaders and managers to be effective they must understand the dynamics of individual and group behavior, to be able to motivate their employees, and be effective communicators. It is said that a good ... ...by using job gyration job rotation is the assigning of jobs to individuals to a variety of job positions once they have mastered their original job. Another way to help an organization or manager in dealing with quality is by assigning self managed teams. A self-managed team is a group of employees who design their job responsibilities to achieve the self-determined goals and objectives of the team. With these teams the organization may be able to run more smoothly and less pressure will be on the middle manager, or the first-line manager. Finally another way to control quality effectively is by using (TQM) total quality management. Total role management is a systematic approach for enhancing products, proceedss, processes, and operational quality control. Quality is a very important thing in an organization therefore it is not possible to improve the quality of a product or service substantially without major changes in all aspects of the organization. Because quality is so important if changes arent made throughout the organization the output of the product will no be very successful. Everyone in the organization plays a major role in the out come of its products.

George Gershwin Essay -- essays research papers

George Gershwin was born Jacob Gershowitz on September 26, 1898 in Brooklyn, New York. George began his professional career in "Tin Pan Alley," a location in New York City where aspiring composers and songwriters would bring their scores to a publisher trying to sell the tunes for cash. two years after he started work for Jerome Remick, George had his first song published. "When You Want Em You Cant Get Em" was not an instantly famous, but it did begin to attract the attention of many of the Broadway composers of the day. During this time of professional growth, George kept his job as a rehearsal pianist and studied piano, theory and orchestration with the best of the best. Georges first big extend to was a song delivered by Al Jolson in the Broadway melodious Sinbad. "Swanee" became an instant hit and propelled Georges music before the Broadway audience regularly. In 1919, George composed the music for La, La Lucille, his first full musical score. From 1 920 to 1924 he supplied producer George White with several songs for use in the immensely popular George White Scandals series. Behind Rhapsody in Blue, George is in the first place known for numerous songs, which have become a part of the American songbook. The full scale collaboration of George and Ira Gershwin as composer/lyricist began in 1924 with the musical Lady Be Good. The musical featured songs such as "Fascinating Rhythm" and "Oh, Lady, be Good" among others. One song, which wa...

As Performance Studies Cross Arts Project :: Drama

As Performance Studies Cross Arts ProjectIn small groups we were presumptuousness a choice of stimuli such as poems,pictures and ideas. Our group chose the idea of topsy-turvyness and secern asour stimulus because we thought that there would be many ideas to engender from this. We spent a megabucks of time discussing the idea oforder and chaos - they are opposites - there is never a situationwhere both occur at the same time yet you cannot have one without theother. Order is the way most people would like things to be, to keeporder we use laws and rules so that everything should point in control,without which there would be chaos. Chaos can be shown in manydifferent ways such as riots or personal chaos e.g. a mentalbreakdown. There is no order in this kind of situation, if there wereto be it would no longer be a riot however a march. We began by drawingout a spider diagram with the ideas we brainstormed about order andchaos. Using these ideas we decided to base our piece on Obs essive CompulsiveDisorder (OCD) as it seem to express the idea of someone keeping orderso much, to the point where their life becomes chaotic. In order forus to meet the criteria of this project we decided that we needed toresearch OCD so that we could base this piece on factual information.Our group gained a lot of utile information from the Internet andbooks. Fears, worries suspicions and beliefs come into everyday lifebut when these doubts start to emerge much more excessively e.g.spending hours washing clean hands or driving round and round makingsure no road accidents have occurred, these worries start becomingclassed as obsessive compulsive. A lot of people who have beendiagnosed with this disorder can only describe it as mental hiccups,which cannot be controlled. The cause of OCD is a medical brainturmoil in which people have trouble processing certain information.It is also caused by a weak or unstable personality. Usually peoplewith OCD will hurt with certain obsessions as well as compulsions,but in some cases they may only suffer with one or the other. One ofour group members peeled someone who suffered with this disorder quitebadly. They had observed this person from the beginning before beingdiagnosed with OCD. As a group we decided that we could use thisperson as a basis for our piece. This meant that we had some firsthand information on the disorder so we could give our piece some

Hero Essay -- essays research papers

As a person grows so do the things they hold dear tothemselves and the things they look up to. Heroes takemany forms when we be children, from the comic booksuperhero to the imaginary friend. As we grow fromchildren to young adults our heroes change to those moretangible, movie stars or athletes. When we reachadulthood, the definition of hero poses clear and ourheroes become those that we love and can look up to. Ittook me a while to realize it but my hero is an 83 year oldwoman.In 1986, at the mature age of 6, I was given the news that abig storm was coming. As a child the news of a big storm affright me, I was paralyzed by the fear of being struckby lightning. The sky became unsettled, a shade of gray thatleft even the brightest spirit longing. The rains came unmanageableand fast, the thunder and lightning along with it. Shortlyafter the wind began to pick up. I had seen The Wizard ofOz and became extremely worried that our entireapartment building would be ripped from the ho meand taken to some far off world. At the pinnacle of thestorm there was a knock at the door. Of course I didnt key out the knock because its hard to hear when you haveyour ears plugged so as to avoid the thunder. It was AuntieLou, everyones favorite babysitter. With rain cap on her caput and umbrella in hand, she had braved the storm tocome visit my sister and I. With a joyful look on her faceLou asks if anyone wanted to go for a walk. Had anyoneels...

Just a Well-mannered Kid :: College Admissions Essays

All of my life I have been chicanen as a well-mannered kid. Sometimes I wonder if in that location is something wrong with me. why am I so well-mannered? Recently I heard a song on Pandora.com by a caboodle out of New Zealand. The song lyrics stated very well the position I find myself in. Dont smoke Hate dope Dont laugh at plaguey jokes Got a mom And a dad The only ones I ever had And I want to know If Im coming down with anything And Ive got a hero that Ill take on to the end. I often hear people talk about their problems and trouble they have to go through and find that I am not equal to relate with them. I have never been offered drugs, never been in trouble with the law. My parents love me and my brothers and sisters. I have always gotten good grades. And I wonder why. Why is it that I am different from so many? It is not because of money or material things I never had much spending money move out what I earned by working with my dad in his business. I never had the newe st nicest clothes either. But what I did have were values, morals that my parents taught me. They raised me to know the difference between right and wrong and then to go beyond knowing and do the right thing - something worth more than any metre of money or popular appearance.

Presidency Essay -- Essays Papers

Presidency Although it is often said that the chairperson of the United States holds the most powerful office in the world, this does not mean that he is suitable to decide very much for himself. The American Constitution, which was adapted in 1789, clearly states the Separation of Powers. Thus, the president makes up only one third of the government, namely the decision maker branch. He is also controlled by a complex arranging of checks and balances, which makes sure that he (or any of the other branches, for that matter) does not become too powerful. We will flat hold a look at the different problems which may be facing a recently elected president, and then discuss to what extent his powers argon important. The first and foremost problem is that the president does not necessarily have a majority in Congress behind him. As the American system of government is non-parliamentary, the president is elected by the people, not by Congress, Thus there may very well be, as there is at the moment, a Democrat as president, with a Republican majority in Congress. The president will then have to do a lot of negotiation and adaptation, to be able to get new laws through Congress. He will not be able to follow the politics goodly of his own liking. But make up if the president is supported by a majority in Congress, this does not mean that everything is necessarily fine. Since there are only two important parties in the USA, the representatives from each group make up a far from homogenous mass. Conservative Democrats may very well support the Republicans in many cases, and unspecific Republicans may support the Democrats. President Clinton experienced the trouble connected to this in the years 1993-94, when he faced a Democrat, but nevertheless relu... ...e power of the President (sic)is great if he can use it but it is a moral power, a power activated by persuasion and discussion. The president will unendingly have to co-operate in order to achieve something. If conflicts arise between him and Congress, for example, trouble is in the horizon. This happened in 1995, when President Clinton refused to sign the national budget proposed by Congress. The entire government came to a stand still for a couple of weeks, and then Congress had to back off. They were not strong enough to override Clintons veto (they would have needed a 2/3 majority). And of course, as already mentioned, the president exercises an immense influence on political life. Therefore, despite all the elements which may tease his existence, the president could rightly be called the most powerful man of the US, and thus, in todays situation, of the world.

Coke’s 1999 Issue Essay

What seemed like an isolated incident of a few bad cans of Coca-Cola at a shallow in Belgium turned into near disaster for the soft drink giants European operations. In June 1999, Coke experienced its worst nightmare a contamination scare resulting in the recall of 14 million cases of Coke products in five European countries and huge blow to consumer confidence in the grapheme and safety of the worlds most recognizable brand.After the initial scare in Bornem, Belgium, Coke and Coca Cola Enterprises (CCE), a thought they had isolated the problem. Scientists at the CCE bottling plant in Antwerp found that lapses in quality control had led to contaminated carbon dioxide that were used in the bottling of a recent fate of Coke. Company officials saw the contamination as minor problem and they issued an apology to the school.At the same time that the problems were existence dealt with in Antwerp, things were breaking down at Cokes Dunkirk, France, bottling plant. In Belsele, 10 miles from Bornem, children and teachers were complaining of illnesses related to drinking Coke products. The vending machines at the school were stocked with Coke from the companys Dunkirk plants practices were being questioned.What initially seemed like an isolated incident was now a crisis. Immediately following the second scare, Belgiums Health diplomatic minister banned the sale of all precuts produced in the Antwerp and Dunkirk plants. Things got worse when Coke gave an incomplete set of recall codes to a school in Lochristi, Belgium, resulting in 38 children being rushed to the hospital. Immediately following this incident, French officials banned the sale of soft drinks produced in the Dunkirk plant. It was believed that fungicide on wooden shipping pallets were the cause of the illnesses at the Dunikrik plant.On June 15th, 1999, 11 days after the initial scare in Bornem, Coke finally issued an explanation to the public. Most Europeans were not satisfied. Coca Cola officials us ed subdued language and often contradicted one another when making statements. Frances Health Minister, Bernard Kouchner, stated, That a company so very expert in advertising and merchandise should be so poor in communication on this matter is astonishing.After three weeks of testing by both Coke officials and French governing body scientists, it was concluded that the plants were safe and that there was no immediate threat to the health of consumers. Coke has destroyed all of the pallets in Dunikirk and tightened quality control on CO2.How could this slip away to the company that is revered worldwide for its quality control and the superiority of its products? Coke has spent decades building its reputation overseas and the European market now represents 73% of total profits. While the scare has had some effect on Cokes profits in Europe, the company is more concerned with damages to its reputation and consumer confidence in its products.Many critics say that Cokes slow respons e time, insisting that no real problem existed and belated apology select severely damaged the companys reputation in Europe. Some would disagree and feel that Coke handled the situation as best it could. I ring that Coke acted in a responsible, diligent way, says John Sitcher, editor of Beverage Digest. Their first responsibility was to ascertain the facts in a clear and unequivocal way. all as soon as Coke knew what the facts were, they put out a statement to the Belgium people.The character and quality of a company can often be measured by how it responds to adversity. Coca-Cola believes that this crisis has forced the company to reexamine both its marketing and management strategies in Europe. Coke executives in Brussels are predicting that the company leave double its European sales in the next decade and that this setback will only make the company stronger. Wall Street analysts seem to agree. just now time will tell.

Brand Equity, Perceived Value and Revisit Intentions †an Evidence from the Hotel Industry

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. 1 INTRODUCTION Both the domestic and foreign arrivals adjudge shown a rapid make up with India emerging as a vibrant and varied tourist destinations. The domestic tourism exertion grew at a rate of 10. 7 % in whereas foreign arrivals at 8. 1% in 2010 (Indian Tourism Statistics,2010). To feed this splurge in arrivals hotels argon booming masterways India and this many substanti tout ensembley has non been restricted to honest metros. Even second tier cities like Bhopal, Amritsar, Surat, Ranchi etc ar universe looked upon as potential feasible destinations of up outgo star snitchs.The hotel industry in India git be divided into eight segments base on the norms perplex by the Ministry of Tourism. They atomic number 18 5-Star Deluxe, 5-Star, 4-Star, 3-Star, 2-Star, 1-Star, Herit eon and Unclassified. However, the 3-star, 2-star, 1star and unclassified hotels in India atomic number 18 spread crossways the length and breadth of the country and are elevatedly fragmented in nature, whereas, the up eggshell, mid market and heritage categories are highly organized. Domestic tourist arrivals are the backb unmatched of Indian Hotel Industry as the number of Domestic Tourists is more than than 100 times (Indian Tourism Statistics, 2010) as compared to Foreign Tourists.Domestic tourists are of 2 types, untenanted travelers and Business travelers. Growth in leisure travelers is driven by rising personal discretionary income, evolving lifestyle, growing number of multi earner families, weekend vacation culture, forward motion in rail, air as well as road connectivity, diverse topography and rich cultural heritage. Drivers of domestic business traveling are rise in trade and commerce, increasing geographical spread of companies, growing MICE culture. Players like Lemon Tree, Ginger throw off identified that thither is dearth of grapheme rooms in the mid market segment.Entry of organized players is expected to improve the qual ity of offerings and bridge the wide gap among midmarket and upscale category. The competition in hotels has undergone drastic changes from being dependent on assistant or price advantages to increasingly relying on post management. This change has been typic completelyy accompanied by the accelerating workuate ca utilize by the great entries of foreign tick offs into India. Since all hotels basically offer the same products and run customers do tend to rely on established makes or where they have visited for easy selection. provoker virtue, perceive lever AND return INTENTIONS 1 As Prasad and Dev (2000) stated, the stronger the hotel betray law, the more customers go appear prefer that hotel distinguish. trade name honor had been widely jazzd as the most priceless summation to companies and has become a top management priority since it can more easily retain customer allegiance, launch product extension and be synonym with price premium (Aaker, 1991 Lassar e t al. , 1995 Keller, 1993). It is due to this fact that hotels prefer acquiring an existing bulls eye for expansion rather than developing a new in-house grunge.Example Marriott internationalistic took everywhere Ritz-Carlton by adopting an acquisition strategy rather than developing a new luxury segment. In merchandise aspects, building a strong shuffle yields a number of merchandise advantages. This includes greater customer homage, higher resiliency to endure crisis, and increased marketing communication effectiveness. Ambler et al. (2002) argued that great effort should be exerted for creating and sustaining customer-based shit blondness, in that the recognition of the importance of customers? foster to a firm? s asset has been increasing in recent days.Farquhar (1989) argued that the stag has none revalue but if it has meaning to the customer. Cobb-Walgren insisted (1995) that it is important to understand how print value is created in the mind of the consumer and how it translates into choice of behavior (p. 26). save in India patsy blondness as fancy is very varied. customers may perceive an unclassified hotel to be a stronger strike off, which they can associate themselves to than a 3 star rated hotel. The categorization of the betray may be based on their familiarity with the staff, the ambience offered, price etc.Thus criterion flaw from the customer? s point of view becomes very important. Krishnan (1996) contended that an investigation of customers? mindsets should be conducted sooner metre any other aspects of mark comeliness because customers mindsets ab come out rat is a starting point for understanding the marque. Barwise (1993) stated that the only way to predict marketing actions of snitch is measuring the gull equity from the customers? perspectives. By measuring these customer perspectives tactical and marketing decisions can be made and disfigurement extended.Aaker (1991) established basketball team com ponents of shit equity tick fealty, marker sensory faculty, sensed quality, brand associations and other proprietary brand assets. Figure 1 shows the five dimensions of brand equity. carry EQUITY, comprehend measure out AND return INTENTIONS 2 The five dimensions of brand equity make believeing value to the customer have the potential to add value for the firm. check loyalty is both one of the dimensions of brand equity and is a consequence affected by brand equity. While brand loyalty is an attitudinal concept as one of the components of brand equity, it can also be a behavioral concept adding value to the firm.In this pack, just the first quaternity dimensions of Aaker? s brand equity allow be adopted because the fifth category representing patents, trademarks, and channel human relationships address the firms? asset rather than customer perceptions and reactions to the brand. Thus, it is con posturered another intangible asset of the firm. This study examines whet her the quad components of brand equity affect customer value, and finally marketing result which is return intent adding value to the firm as a behavioral brand loyalty. gull equity has been defined by many interrogationers according to the viewpoints of their studies?.However, there is an agreement among researchers that brand equity is the value added to the product by the brand (Farguahr 1989). From the customers? perspectives marketing effects can be attitudes, awareness, image, and association (Aaker 1991 Keller 1993 Agarwal& Rao 1996), while from the firms? perspectives, outcomes can be price, revenue, and cash ply (Simon & Sullivan 1993). crack EQUITY, comprehend appreciate AND revisit INTENTIONS 3 This study assesses the four components of brand equity unquestionable by Aaker (1991).These four components include brand loyalty, perceived quality, brand association and brand awareness. According to Aaker? s definition, brand loyalty is a bank note of the attachmen t that a customer has to a brand. It is one of the indicators of brand equity which is demonstrably linked to future profits, since brand loyalty straight off translates into future gross sales (p. 39). Oliver (1997) defined brand loyalty as the tendency to be loyal to focal brand as a primary choice. In this study, boilersuit attitudinal loyalty to a specific hotel brand was measured.The other of three dimensions follow Aaker? s definition. encompassd quality is the customer? s perception of the overall quality or superiority of a product or military service with respect to its intended purpose, relative to alternatives. tick off awareness is the ability of potential buyers to recognize or generate that a brand is a member of a certain product category. A link between product class and brand is involved. Finally, Aaker defined brand association as anything linked in memory to a brand. 1. 2 SIGNIFICANCE AND NEED OF THE STUDYThe rapid revolution of India to a market economy an d being one of the fas campaign growing nations today it is getting unprecedented attention. Domestic demand for hotels has historically been higher in India a is growing at a healthy rate coupled with an increase in foreign arrivals. Indian hotels are now starting to suck in the importance of brand equity and loyalty seeing their foreign counterparts who are making a beeline for Indian shores. Service and product alone are not able to capture the customer when he has no dearth of options at all price points.Hence the importance of spot Equity. Krishnan and Harline (2001) mentioned that service brands in the marketing publications have relatively less retainer than their product counterparts even if the service sector has dominated the economy in most advanced countries. While there is no dearth of branding literature on consumer goods yet only few researches have been carried out in the hotel industry. Moreover in the Indian stage setting there are minimal researches. It is in this respect that this research will provide valuable insight.Finally this study will measure brand equity and its relationship with perceived value and revisit intentions crossways disparate categories of hotels representing various price points and compare for difference. BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND revisit INTENTIONS 4 This can test the veracity of the notion that even hotels with small inventory offering basic services at the lower price end can have brand equity more than the higher starred hotels. 1. 3 Objectives of the research The research objectives of this study are three fold 1. To measure brand equity by adopting Aaker? (1991) four dimensions of brand equity which are brand loyalty, perceived quality, brand association and brand awareness in hotels. 2. To investigate the impact of brand equity on customer perceived value, and revisit intent in the Hotel Industry. 3. To compare the results of this study with a similar study carried out in USA. BRAND EQUITY, PERC EIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 5 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 INTRODUCTION Keller (1993) defines customer-based brand equity as the differential effect of brand knowledge on consumer solution to the marketing of the brand.Brand knowledge consists of devil dimensions brand awareness and brand image. He stated that factors such as awareness of brand, and consumer memory including favorability, medium and uniqueness in which a customer had experienced brands affected brand knowledge. Customer-based brand equity, thus, is enhanced by creating favorable responses to pricing, dispersal, advertising, and promotion activity for the brand (See range 3). BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 6 Aaker (1996) suggests brand equity ten, a specific guideline for measuring brand equity.He groups ten sets of measures into five categories brand loyalty, perceived quality, association, awareness and market behavior measure. The first four categories represent customer per ceptions and the fifth expressed the in physical bodyation obtained from the market. He also suggested that all measure items did not have to be standard crossways different market segments. He indicated that one should take appropriate modifications according to the characteristics of each industry into consideration when adopting the measurement of this brand equity ten. tabulate 1 depicts the specific measurement items of each dimension recommended by Aaker. Erdem and Swait (1998) measured the brand equity in an information economics framework which emphasized the office staff of credibility as the main determinant of consumer-based brand equity. In that framework, consumer-based brand equity is related to ostracise information as well as positive information such as high quality products, and the reduction in perceived risk and information costs imputable to brands as antecedents of brand equity, which is unlike the psychological approach.In their study, brand is regarded as a signal conveyed by the marketing mix strategies and activities associated with that brand. The information should be credible so that a brand can create value, thus, the market process by which credibility is created is important. Therefore, the consumer? s behavior and the firm? s behavior affect brand value as signals of product positions. BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 7 2. 2 MEASUREMENT OF BRAND EQUITY Capon et al. (1994) argued that there were two kinds of brand equities which were organizational brand equity and customer brand equity.He stated that on organizational based brand equity, financial values such as potential earning, market value, replacement cost can be criteria for the measurement of brand equity. On customer base equity, customers? consideration sets, customer based perceived quality, and alternative and /or satisfaction can be measured. Thus, the measurement of brand equity can be divided two perspectives which are financial perspect ives and customer perspectives. ? monetary Perspectives Based on the financial market value of the firm, Simon and Sullivan (1993) developed a technique estimating a firm? s brand equity.By decomposing the value of intangible asset which is one of the components of market value of the firm along with tangible asset, brand equity can be estimated. They identified three categories consisting of the value of the intangible assets a) brand equity, b) technological advantages such as patent and R&D and c) industry structure and the regulatory environment. The following equation is the value of intangible assets of a firm. V I ? (V b1 ? Vb2)? Vnb ? V ind V I value of the firm? s intangible assets V b1 value of the demand-enhancing component of brand equity such as perceived quality Vb2 alue of expected reductions in marketing costs that result from established brand equity Vnb non-brand factors giving rise to cost advantages such as patent and R&D Vind industry structures and regulat ory environment Here, Vb1and Vb2 are the value of brand equity determined by the four factors which are catamenia and past advertising, age of brand, order of entry and current and past advertising shares. By using this technique Simon and Sullivan analyzed the brand equity of each BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 8 ndustry. They found that industries which are oriented toward strong consumer products have high brand equity. They also observed the impact of marketing events on brand equity by comparing the values of brand equity of Coca-cola and Pepsi. They discovered that their technique was adequate for measuring the effect of marketing events. Customer Perspectives Kamakura and Russell? s (1993) approach is based on the actual purchase behavior using check-out scanner selective information to estimate brand value to the customer. Their underlying oncept of measuring brand equity is a consumer choice model in which the perceptions of a brand? s attributes are related both to the characteristics of physical product and to psychosocial cues. On the basis of this conceptual model, they developed a measurement method of brand value, defining brand value (BV) as a measure of the intrinsic emolument consisting of brand tangible value (BTA) and brand intangible value (BIV). BV= BIV + BTV BTV represents physical features of the product and BIV is the perceptual distortions and other responses to psychosocial cues which is a measure of the value of intangibles.For estimating this model, they analyzed the kinsperson purchase histories in a scanner panel by employing a clusterwise logit model in which customers are segmented for each brand market on the basis of long-run brand preferences and short-run responses to the marketing mix such as the order of entry and advertising. The first step of estimation by atavism analysis is specifying the number of preference segmentations of brand by relative size, price and advertising sensitivities and bra nd values.Identifying a set of relevant physical features and obtaining objective measure of these features and then removing them from the brand value are crucial processes of estimating brand intangible value because of the complexity of analyzing the brand intangible value. To illustrate this methodology, Kamakura and Russell apply it to the powder washables detergent category. They found that the order of entry is relevant to creating positive brand intangible value, but large investments of advertising does not positively impact brand intangible value.Lassar et al. (1995), on the basis of Keller? s conceptualizing of brand equity in which consumer-based brand equity occurs when the consumer is familiar with the brand and holds some favorable, strong, and unique brand associations in memory, identified five important elements of brand equity consumer perception, global value associated with a brand, global value stem from the brand name, relative competition, and financial perf ormance. From these BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 9 ive characteristics, they defined brand equity as the enhancement in the perceived utility and desirability a brand name confers on a product. They developed five underlying dimensions of brand equity which are performance, value, social image, trustworthiness and commitment/attachment. Blackston (1995) stated that brand equity could be seen as two perspectives which were brand value and brand meaning. He contended that brand meaning influences and creates brand value because value depends on the meaning, changing the brand meaning is equivalent to changing the value of the brand.Brand meaning consists of three dimensions including brand salience, brand association and brand personality. He proposed the brand relationships model in which all three were divided by two dimensions brand image/brand personality and brand attitude. Thus, by measuring these two dimensions, he suggested that marketers could set thei r brand strategies. Dyson et al. (1996) proposed a consumer value model (CV) as a starting point for measuring brand equity by which the share value of requirements for each brand for each respondent can be estimated, correlating to consumer loyalty.For underpinning the factors affecting the brand? s consumer loyalty, the BrandDynamics Pyramid developed by Millward Brown, an institution for evaluating brand equity, was utilize, and consequently they identified the key out elements which discriminated between differing degrees of loyalty. The CV model bridges the gap between consumer and financial equity. The aggregation of the respective(prenominal) respondent consumer value model allows predicting market share, a familiar sales measure with a direct relationship to a brand? revenue stream. Yoo et al. (2000) investigated the relationship between the marketing mix and brand equity. Their proposition of the research stated that the marketing mixes such as price, store image, scatt ering intensity, advertising spending, and price deals affect each brand equity component including perceived quality, brand loyalty and brand awareness combined with brand association. They also examined how each component of brand equity affected the overall brand equity? developed by the researchers.They employed a structure equation model for estimating the parameters of their conceptual model, and consequently found that high price, high advertising spending, good store image, and high distribution intensity are related to high brand equity, whereas frequent price promotions are related to low brand equity. BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 10 2. 3 BRAND EQUITY RESEARCH IN THE SERVICE INDUSTRY Berry (2002) stated that branding plays a special role in service companies because strong brands increase customers? trust of the invisible purchase.However, despite the increasing importance of branding decisions in the services domain, there has been relatively pidd ling research in this area. Due to the special characteristics that service possesses such as inseparability, heterogeneity, intangibility, and perishability, an argument that the measurement brand equity in services should be different from physical goods has been rising. Yet, several researchers tried to adopt consumer-based brand equity for measuring brand equity in services. Krishnan and Hartline (2001) assessed brand equity in the context of services marketing and compare it to brand equity for goods.They examined three types of services and one type of tangible good for their research according to three attributes that goods and services possesses, which are search, experience, and credence attributes. The result of their study is that brand equity is more important for services than for goods, which is quiet a different view from the traditional literature review. Mackay (2001) utilise existing consumer based measures of brand equity to a financial services market. His study is meaningful in that it is the first attempt to adopt the measurement of consumer based brand equity to the services industry.He finds that the measurement is reliable and valid in service marketing, and that the best measurement of brand equity in terms of coefficient of correlational statistics with market share is brand awareness. Kim and Kim (2004) investigated the relationship between customer based brand equity and quick service restaurant (QSR) chains? performance. They measured four dimensions of brand equity brand loyalty, brand awareness, perceived quality and brand image. Through regression analysis they explored the correlation between brand equity and sales revenue.Consequently, they found that brand equity had a positive effect on the performance, especially brand awareness among the four dimensions of brand equity is the most important factor affecting QSR performance. BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 11 2. 4 BRAND EQUITY RESEARCH IN THE HOTEL INDUSTRY Cobb-Walgren et al. (1995) demonstrated how the consumer? s brand perception affects the brand preference and brand choice. In their study, they adapted the familiar hierarchy of effects model as a framework for canvas various antecedents and consequences of brand equity from the perspective of the individual consumer.In their study, brand equity was not measured directly. Consumers form perceptions about the physical and psychological features of a brand from various information sources. These perceptions contribute to the meaning or value that the brand adds to the consumer-i. e. brand equity. Brand equity then influences consumer preferences and purchase intentions, and ultimately brand choice. aft(prenominal) comparing Holiday Inn and Howard Johnson, they discovered that the brand with a higher equity generates significantly greater preferences and purchase intentions.Considering customers as the sources of all cash flow and resulting profits, Prasad and Dev (2000) de veloped a customer-centric index of hotel brand equity. This customer-centric brand equity index was a measure for converting customers? awareness of a brand and their view of a brand? s performance into a numerical index. This was based on actual customer data on customer satisfaction, intent to return, perception of price-value relationship, brand preference, and top-of-mind awareness of the brand.Kim, Kim, and An (2003) investigated the relationship between brand equity and the firms? financial performance. Based on the dimensions of customer-based brand equity which are brand loyalty, brand awareness, perceived quality and brand image, Kim et al tried to identify BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 12 brand equity? s correlation with financial performance (RevPAR) in the hotel industry. The result revealed that brand equity perceived by the customers can affect generating revenue.Brand equity research in marketing has largely concentrated on a customer-based app roach. Keller (1993) mentioned that the customer-based brand equity is more practical for managers in that it provides for them a strategic vision of customer behavior that can be adapted to brand strategy. Yet, Ailawadi et al (2003) insisted that the measuring of customer mindset cannot be objective and that it is difficult to calculate the precise figure because its measurement is based on consumer surveys. In this study, brand equity measurement from a customer perspective was adopted.Especially, the items Yoo and Donthu (2001) have developed were mainly used because some researchers (Washburn and Plank, 2002) proved its validation. Sun et al. (2008) investigated the impact of customer based brand equity on 6 mid-price hotels in U. S. A. The results indicated that brand loyalty had the least slay which they concluded showed that it was most difficult to win loyalty of the customers. Moreover unconnected from brand loyalty, none of the other dimensions had any effect on revisit intent but perceived value did have an impact on revisit intentions of the customers.BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 13 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 1 CONCEPTUAL MODEL A model of this study has been constructed. In this model, dimensions of brand equity affecting perceived value and revisit intention will be argued. Each of the constructs in the proposed model is described and the theoretical support for the hypothesized relationships is set forth. In this paper, the approach and questionnaire developed by Sun et al. (2008) has been used. In their study, as method of measuring brand equity, four of the five dimensions of Aaker? s brand equity (Aaker 1991) were adopted.Aaker (1991) mentioned that brand equity consists of brand loyalty, brand awareness, perceived quality, brand association and other proprietary brand assets such as patents, trademarks, and channel relationship. However, since the fifth components was not relevant to the consumer perception , only the first four components of brand equity were adopted, and this study takes that approach forward implementing it in the Indian scenario. BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 14 Sun et al. (2008) described the four dimensions of Brand Equity with perceived pry and Revisit Intentions in the following ways BRAND LOYALTY the true is a core dimension of brand equity. Aaker (1991) described brand loyalty as the attachment that a customer has to brand (p. 65). A strong form of attachment refers to the resistance to change and the ability of a brand to withstand bad news. Brand loyalty can be seen as two types attitudinal loyalty and behavioral loyalty. Gounaris et al. (2003) summarized these two types of brand loyalty in which behavioral loyalty refers to repeated purchase and attitudinal loyalty refers to a strong internal disposition towards a brand leading to repeated purchases.Oliver (1997) defined brand loyalty as the tendency to be loyal to focal brands as a primary choice. In their study, overall attitudinal loyalty to a specific hotel brand was measured as a dimension of brand equity and behavioral loyalty which in the hotel industry can be translated into revisit intent. PERCEIVED QUALITY Zeithmal (1988) defined perceived quality as the consumer? s perception of the overall quality or superiority of a product or service with respect to its intended purpose, relative to alternatives.Aaker (1991) mentioned that perceived quality could be considered two different contexts which are product quality and service quality. While product quality consists of seven dimensions performance, features, conformance with specifications, reliability, durability, serviceability, and fit and finish, service quality dimensions are tangibles, reliability, competence, responsiveness and empathy. Since the hotel industry is one of the important service businesses, in their paper, the measurement of service quality model (SERVQUAL) developed by Parasuraman et al. (1988) was adopted. BRAND AWARENESSBrand awareness is the ability for a buyer to recognize or recall that a brand is a member of certain product category (Aaker 1991, p. 61). Aaker (1996) refers to brand awareness as the strength of a brand? s front end in the customer? s mind. Brand awareness can be measured as a brand recognition or brand recall, differently both of them. BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 15 In their study, Yoo and Donthu (2001)? s item scale which measures brand recognition was adopted. BRAND ASSOCIATION Aaker (1991) defines brand associations as anything linked in memory to a brand (p. 109).This includes the strength, favorability, and uniqueness of perceived attributes and benefits for the brand. (Keller 1993). On the basis of this concept of brand association, Yoo and Donthu (2001) developed items for measuring brand association. PERCEIVED VALUE Customer value is defined as the consumer? s overall assessment of the utility of a pro duct based on the perceptions of what is received and what is given (Zeithmal, 1988, p. 14). Sweeny et al(1999) interpreted this value as the trade off of salient give? and get? components (p. 79). In the same study, they found the positive effect of perceived quality on perceived value.REVISIT INTENTIONS It is the intention to buy back the product or reuse the service. Washburn & Plank (2002) examined the relationship between different dimensions of brand equity including brand loyalty, perceived quality, brand awareness and brand association and repurchase intention. They found that the correlation between the dimensions of brand equity and repurchase intention is significant. In the study, repurchase intention was modified into revisit intention. 3. 2 HYPOTHESIS The following hypothesis were made to measure the impact of Brand Equity on sensed place and Revisit Intention.Hypothesis1 The four dimensions of brand equity positively affect the perceived value of the Hotels. H1a Br and loyalty will have a positive effect on customers? perceived value . BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 16 H1b perceived quality will have a positive effect on a customers? perceived value. H1c Brand awareness will have a positive effect on a customers? perceived value H1d Brand association will have a positive effect on a customers? perceived value Hypothesis2 The four dimensions of brand equity positively affect Revisit intention of the hotels H2a Brand loyalty will have a positive effect on customers? evisit intention H2b sensed quality will have a positive effect on customers? revisit intention H2c Brand awareness will have a positive effect on customers? revisit intention H2d Brand association will have a positive effect on customers? revisit intention Hypothesis3 Perceived value will have a positive effect on revisit intention of the hotels. Hypothesis4 The perception of the populate regarding Brand Equity Dimensions, Perceived encourage and Revisit Int ention varies across the three segments of the hotels. H4a The perceptions of the hoi polloi regarding Brand allegiance varies across the three segments.H4b The perceptions of the people regarding Perceive part varies across the three segments. H4c The perceptions of the people regarding Brand sentience varies across the three segments. H4d The perceptions of the people regarding Brand link varies across the three segments. H4e The perceptions of the people regarding Perceived Value varies across the three segments. H4f The perceptions of the people regarding Revisit Intent varies across the three segments. Hypothesis5 The perception of the people regarding Brand Equity Dimensions, Perceived Value and Revisit Intention varies with age.BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 17 H5a The perceptions of the people regarding Brand Loyalty varies with age. H5b The perceptions of the people regarding Perceive Quality varies with age. H5c The perceptions of the people reg arding Brand consciousness varies with age. H5d The perceptions of the people regarding Brand tie-up varies with age. H5e The perceptions of the people regarding Perceived Value varies with age H5f The perceptions of the people regarding Revisit Intent varies with age.Hypothesis6 The perception of the people regarding Brand Equity Dimensions, Perceived Value and Revisit Intention varies with gender. H6a The perceptions of the people regarding Brand Loyalty varies with gender. H6b The perceptions of the people regarding Perceive Quality varies with gender. H6c The perceptions of the people regarding Brand Awareness varies with gender. H6d The perceptions of the people regarding Brand connecter varies with gender. H6e The perceptions of the people regarding Perceived Value varies with gender. H6f The perceptions of the people regarding Revisit Intent varies with gender.Hypothesis7 The perception of the people regarding Brand Equity Dimensions, Perceived Value and Revisit Intenti on varies with Income. H7a The perceptions of the people regarding Brand Loyalty varies with income. H7b The perceptions of the people regarding Perceive Quality varies with income. H7c The perceptions of the people regarding Brand Awareness varies with income. H7d The perceptions of the people regarding Brand Association varies with income. H7e The perceptions of the people regarding Perceived Value varies with income. H7f The perceptions of the people regarding Revisit Intent varies with income.BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 18 3. 3 try out Chandigarh has more than 50 hotels at all price points. The range lies from Hotels having an ARR of just Rs. 600 to a Hotel like Marriott where the present tariff is Rs. 10400 base category room. It was decided to do this research on hotels across various price points and hotel star judgements. Thus price points for a number of hotels were taken and together with the perceptions of 10 respondents regarding their segmen ts. Finally for this study the following 10 hotels were taken, divided into three segments.Upscale J. W. Marriott, Mount View and Bella Vista. Mid-Price member- Amara, Maya Hotel, Western Court work out Aroma, The Piccadily, Sunbeam and Himani Residency. The sampling method used was Stratified random of the people visiting these 10 hotels for their stay in Chandigarh. The prototype size was estimated to be 225, taking around 20-25 respondents from each of these hotels. The data collection process was carried out over the months of November, December and January and a total of 215 filed questionnaires were collected from these properties. 3. INSTRUMENT DESIGN A egotism-administered survey questionnaire was used as the data collection tool, as suggested by Crimp and Wright wing (1993) that it is a valuable tool that is flexible, fast, accurate and easy to be used in statistical analysis. Miller et al. (2002) believe that a large sample size obtained via questionnaires can provid e unbiased statistical results and can be implied as the representatives of the whole population. The questionnaire as mentioned earlier was taken from the one developed by Sun et al. (2008). It consisted of 2 sections.The first statement provided specific statements for each dimension. The items for measuring brand loyalty, perceived quality, brand awareness and brand association followed by perceived value and revisit intent constituted this section. The demographic information was the second section of the questionnaire. The questionnaire had 31 total items. Brand loyalty, perceived quality, brand awareness and brand association are measured on a five point Likert scale, with 1 for strongly agree and 5 for strongly BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 19 disagree.Except perceived quality, all items were modified to a hotel context from the original format of other studies. Parasuraman et al. (1988) developed the SERVQUAL model for measuring service quality in whic h all items were divided into five dimensions tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy. This study will adopt Gabbie and O? Neil (1996)? s tool for measuring hotel service quality. In their study, the first four dimensions were assessed because the empathy dimension of SERVQUAL was less important and even irrelevant in hotel service quality.Brand loyalty is considered as perceptual/ attititudinal loyalty consisting of one of the components of brand equity. However, as Aaker mentioned (1991), brand loyalty is regarded as both one of the dimensions of brand equity and is affected by brand equity. Therefore, this behavioral loyalty can be used to estimate the consequences of brand equity. 3. 5 PRETESTING In Churchill? s (1995) term, the pretest, a stage during the questionnaire design process, is usually conducted after the completion of the initial questionnaire, but before the data collection procedure.Its basic objective is to ensure that the structure and lang uage used in the questionnaire are appropriate enough to enable the instrument to genuinely collect the data required from the target population (Reynolds and Diamantopoulos 1996). Compeau et al. (1995) recommend that a pretest should be conducted prior to the real distribution of the questionnaires in order to find out the deficiencies and validate the instrument. In this study pretesting was done on a convenience sample of 20 respondents. It was observed that the respondents found no ambiguity while pickax up of the questionnaire.Moreover the Cronbach of import calculated for these 20 respondents in SPSS yielded an Apha of 0. 834, which was more than agreeable aim of 0. 7. Hence the questionnaire was retained as it is in its current form and used further up for data collection. 3. 6 STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES USED The research data collected was analyzed using SPSS V. 19 and the following statistical techniques were employed. BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 20 correlation coefficient Analysis The preliminary analysis of the degree of linear association between the variables has been done with the help of correlation.correlation coefficient is a statistical device which helps in analyzing the co variation of two or more variables. Correlation analysis determines the degree of relationship between two or more variables. In other words it? s a technique that is used to measure the closeness of the relationship between two or more variables. The correlation analysis can be broken into two steps 1. Determining whether a relationship exists and if yes, the measuring it. 2. Testing whether it is significant. There are different methods of measuring of measuring the correlation but the two prominent methods are 1. Karl Pearson? s coefficient of correlation. . Spearman? s coefficient of correlation. For the purpose of the present study, Karl Pearson? s coefficient of correlation has been used. The following are the general rules for interpretin g the value of r ? ? ? When r = +1, it means there is perfective positive relationship between the variables. When r = -1, it means there is perfect negative relationship between the variables. When r = 0, it means there is no relationship between the variables i. e. the variables are uncorrelated. The closer the value of r is to +1 or -1, the closer the relationship between the variables and the closer r is to 0, the lesser is the relationship.The coefficient of determination i. e. r2 is defined as the ratio of the explained variance to total variance. Coefficient of determination = Explained Variance/ keep down Variance BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 21 Regression Analysis Regression analysis focuses on techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. More specifically, regression analysis helps understand how the typical value of he dependent va riable changes when any one of the independent variables is varied while the other independent variables are held constant. Most commonly, regression analysis estimates the qualified expectation of dependent variable given the independent variables- that is, the average value of the dependent variable when the independent variables are held fixed. The estimation target is a persona of the independent variables called the regression function. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) ANOVA is a statistical technique designed to test whether the means of more than two quantitative populations are equal.It consists of classifying and cross classifying statistical results and testing whether the means of a specified classification differ significantly. BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 22 CHAPTER IV DATA digest The hypotheses constructed on the basis of literature review are tested using various techniques in this stage of data analysis. SPSS version 19. 0 was used for analyzin g the data by employing various tests that are explained in this Chapter. Before the data analysis begins, the data is first edited and coded.Editing involves checking the data collected through questionnaires for completeness, omissions and legibility. Since the data forms were self administered, care was taken to get omissions and illegibility in forms simultaneously corrected from the respondents. Despite that in 8 forms it was noticed discrepancy in the nature of some variables not being answered. They were marked 3 signifying a neutral score or undecided one. A lower score for the variables indicated a better positive response and a total of 215 usable questionnaires were obtained from the data collection process. . 1 Demographic Profile of the Respondents Demographics regarding gender, age, income level and the segment of the hotel where they stayed has been shown in this section. Table 4. 1 Gender-wise distribution of respondents Hotel fragment * Gender Crosstabulation Gende r Male Hotel Segment Budget 46 Female 34 29 17 80 Total 80 75 60 215 Mid-Price 46 Upscale Total 43 135 BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 23 Chart 4. 1 Bar-graph of the gender wise distribution of respondents An analysis of the table and chart reveals that a mass, 62. % of the respondents were male and the rest pistillate. Moreover whereas there was almost an equal distribution of males throughout the 3 segments, most of the female respondents were taken from the Budget segment. Table 4. 2 Age-wise distribution of respondents Hotel Segment * Age Crosstabulation Age 54 0 2 2 4 Total 80 75 60 215 Mid-Price 12 Upscale Total 10 50 BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 24 Chart 4. 2 Bar-graph of the age wise distribution of respondents An analysis of the higher up reveals that a majority of the respondents totaling to 92. 1% were below the age of 44 years.The highest number of the respondents were from the 25-34 year bracket while the lowest, just 4 re spondents above the age of 54. Moreover it is obtrusive that as the age went higher there were more respondents opting out for Mid-Price and Upscale hotels. Table 4. 3 Income-wise distribution of respondents Hotel Segment * Household income per month Crosstabulation Hotel Segment Budget Household income per month 100000 Total 6 21 28 25 80 12 11 44 22 19 69 28 27 80 75 60 215 Total Mid-Price 13 Upscale 3 22 BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 25 Chart 4. 3 Bar-graph of the income wise distribution of respondentsAn analysis of the above reveals that the majority 37. 2% of the respondents had a house income greater than 1 lakh per month while 32. 1% in the 50001-100000 bracket. 20. 5% of the respondents were earning between Rs. 20000-50000 while just 10. 2% below Rs. 20000. Also it is noticeable that with the rise in income there is an increasing number of people preferring Mid-Price and Upscale hotels. Table 4. 4 Segment-wise distribution of respondents Hotel Segmen t Cumulative legal portion Percent 37. 2 34. 9 27. 9 100. 0 37. 2 72. 1 100. 0 Frequency Percent Valid Budget 80 37. 2 34. 9 27. 9 100. 0 Mid-Price 75 Upscale Total 60 215BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 26 Chart 4. 4 Bar-graph of the segment wise distribution of respondents Thus, the majority of the respondents were taken from the Budget Segment representing 37. 2 % of the total sample. While 34. 9 % and 27. 9 % were taken from the Mid-Price and Upscale Segments. 4. 2 RECODING Reverse coding is a procedure where some questions in a survey are worded such that high values of a theoretical construct is reflected by high gobs on the item, while other questions are worded such that high values of the same construct is reflected by low scores on the item.Reversing the order of the codes for negative statements so that their codes reflect the same direction and order as the positive statements? codes requires a simple transformation which is available in SPSS. The formula for the same is bare-assed Value = (Scale minimum + Scale minimum) Old value The following two questions were recoded 1. I have difficulty in imagining the hotel in my mind. 2. The price shown for the hotel is unacceptable. Thus these two questions were thereby positively stated in SPSS. BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 7 4. 3 RELIABILITY dependableness is the degree to which the measures are plain from errors and therefore yield consistent results. Two dimensions underlie the concept of reliability one is repeatability and the other is internal consistency (Zikmund, 2009). The internal consistency measure is the most preferred one because it requires a single administration and establishing reliability through the other measures is difficult since once a subject has been put through some test, it will no longer remain neutral to the test.Researchers commonly use Cronbach of import coefficient, which is an indicator of the internal consistency of th e scale, for establishing scale reliability. A high value of Cronbach alpha coefficient suggests that the items that make up the scale measure the same underlying construct. A value of Cronbach alpha above 0. 70 can be used as a reasonable test of scale reliability. Thus Alpha was measured for each dimension of the scale separately and then for the whole scale i. e. for the 26 items. Table 4. 5 Cronbachs Alpha co-efficient of reliability for Brand Loyalty Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha . 17 N of Items 3 The value is acceptable being over 0. 7 and hence Brand Loyalty is internally consistent. Table 4. 6 Cronbachs Alpha co-efficient of reliability for Perceived Quality Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha . 938 N of Items 12 BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 28 The value for Perceived Quality is over the acceptable level of 0. 7 and hence the items are internally consistent. Table 4. 7 Cronbachs Alpha co-efficient of reliability for Brand Awareness Reliabi lity Statistics Cronbachs Alpha . 842 N of Items 3 The value for Brand Awareness is over the acceptable level of 0. and hence the items are internally consistent. Table 4. 8 Cronbachs Alpha co-efficient of reliability for Brand Association Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha . 706 N of Items 3 The value for Brand Association is just over the acceptable level of 0. 7 and hence the items are internally consistent. Table 4. 9 Cronbachs Alpha co-efficient of reliability for Perceived Value Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha . 731 N of Items 3 The value for Perceived value is over the acceptable level of 0. 7 and hence the items are internally consistent. BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 9 Table 4. 10 Cronbachs Alpha co-efficient of reliability for Revisit Intention Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha . 857 N of Items 2 The value for revisit intentions is over the acceptable level of 0. 7 and hence the items are internally consistent. Table 4. 11 Cronbachs A lpha co-efficient of reliability for the Whole Scale Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha . 926 N of Items 26 Thus for all dimensions of the scale the alpha is above the acceptable threshold of 0. 7. In fact the alpha for the whole scale signifying a value of 0. 926 is excellent. Moreover it is oticeable that for scales which have fewer items the alpha is comparatively lower. This simply follows from the fact that value of alpha is directly proportional to the number of items on the scale and one of the ways to increase alpha has been to increase the number of items. 4. 4 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS descriptive statistics reveal the mean value and the standard deviation of the variables. They also show the general direction of the variables i. e. towards the positive side or negative side. The following tables first give descriptive statistics of the total 26 items of the scale.In the second part a comparison has been made between the individual dimensions and the 3 segments of the hot els. BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 30 Table 4. 12 descriptive statistics for Brand Loyalty descriptive Statistics N minimal maximum Mean I consider myself to be loyal to the 215 1 5 2. 37 hotel. The hotel would be my first choice. 215 1 5 2. 27 I will not visit other brands if the 215 1 hotel has no room available. Brand Loyalty Valid N (listwise) 215 1. 00 215 5 3. 48 Std. Deviation 1. 081 1. 038 1. 147 5. 00 2. 7054 .81970 Table 4. 3 Descriptive statistics for Perceived Quality Descriptive Statistics N Minimum utmost The physical facilities at the 215 1 5 hotel are visually appealing. ply at the hotel appears neat. 215 1 5 Quality of food /beverage at the hotel satisfies me. When I have problems, the hotel shows a genuine interest in solving them. The hotel performs the service right the first time. The hotel insists on error free service. Staff at the hotel is able to tell patrons exactly when services would be performed. 215 215 1 1 5 5 Mean 2. 18 2. 0 5 2. 12 2. 20 Std. Deviation . 795 . 853 . 927 1. 002 215 215 215 1 1 1 5 5 5 2. 17 2. 34 2. 6 .991 1. 047 . 949 Staff at the hotel is always 215 willing to help me. Staff at the hotel gives prompt 215 service to me. Staff of the hotel is consistently 215 courteous with me. The behavior of staff at the 215 hotel instills self-reliance in me. I feel safe in my transaction. Perceived Quality Valid N (listwise) 215 215 215 1 1 1 5 5 5 1. 99 2. 11 1. 98 .962 1. 071 . 927 1 5 2. 36 .994 1 1. 00 5 5. 00 1. 96 2. 1345 .888 . 73543 BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 31 Table 4. 14 Descriptive statistics for Brand Awareness Descriptive Statistics N I know what the hotel? s physical appearance looks like.I am aware of the hotel. I can recognize the hotel among other competing brands. Brand Awareness Valid N (listwise) 215 Minimum supreme 1 5 Mean 2. 07 Std. Deviation . 783 215 215 1 1 5 5 2. 06 1. 93 .923 . 812 215 215 1. 00 5. 00 2. 0202 .73349 Table 4. 15 Descriptive sta tistics for Brand Association Descriptive Statistics N Some characteristics of the 215 hotel come to my mind quick. I can quickly recall the symbol 215 or logo of the hotel. I do not have difficulty 215 imagining the hotel in my mind. Brand Association Valid N (listwise) 215 215 Minimum Maximum 1 4 Mean 2. 13 Std. Deviation . 921 1 1 5 5 . 38 2. 14 .968 1. 351 1. 00 4. 00 2. 2171 .77835 Table 4. 16 Descriptive statistics for Perceived Value Descriptive Statistics N The hotel is good value for money. The price shown for the hotel is acceptable. The hotel appears to be a bargain. Perceived Value Valid N (listwise) 215 215 215 215 215 Minimum Maximum 1 1 1 1. 00 5 5 5 5. 00 Mean 2. 23 2. 48 2. 67 2. 4589 Std. Deviation 1. 023 1. 380 . 990 . 82235 BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 32 Table 4. 17 Descriptive statistics for Revisit Intention Descriptive Statistics I plan to revisit the hotel. N 215 Minimum Maximum Mean 1 5 2. 2 1 5 2. 05 Std. Deviation . 940 . 918 The probability that I 215 would consider revisiting the hotel is high. Revisit Intentions Valid N (listwise) 215 215 1. 00 5. 00 2. 1372 .86926 The following points are noticeable from the above tables. Firstly for the individual variables the best positive score is for the question I can recognize the brand among competing brand while the most negative score was for the question I will not visit other brands if the hotel has no room available which actually signifies the urgency of staying in any hotel accommodation if there is no room available in this brand.Secondly in comparison of each of the dimensional score Brand Awareness had the best positive score followed by Perceived Quality, Revisit Intention, Brand Association, Perceived Value and Brand Loyalty in this order. This signified that people? s perception were most positive towards Brand Awareness and the least towards Brand Loyalty. COMPARISON AMONG THE THREE SEGMENTS Now a comparison among the three segments has been show n through the following 3 tables Table 4. 18 Descriptive statistics for the Budget Category Descriptive Statisticsa Minimum Maximum 1. 00 5. 00 1. 58 5. 00 1. 00 4. 00 1. 00 4. 00 1. 33 3. 98 1. 00 5. 0 1. 00 5. 00 a. Hotel Segment = Budget BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 33 Brand Loyalty Perceived Quality Brand Awareness Brand Association Brand Equity Perceived Value Revisit Intentions Valid N (listwise) N 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 Mean 2. 9500 2. 4969 1. 9958 2. 1833 2. 4065 2. 4833 2. 3438 Std. Deviation . 82694 . 72726 . 64630 . 72702 . 57637 1. 03239 1. 01443 Table 4. 19 Descriptive statistics for the Mid-Price Category Descriptive Statisticsa N Brand Loyalty Perceived Quality Brand Awareness Brand Association Brand Equity Perceived Value Revisit Intentions Valid N (listwise) 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 a.Hotel Segment = Mid-Price Minimum 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 25 1. 00 1. 00 Maximum 5. 00 4. 42 5. 00 3. 67 3. 67 5. 00 5. 00 Mean 2. 5333 1. 9833 1. 9956 2. 2 533 2. 1914 2. 4889 2. 0333 Std. Deviation . 81833 . 75162 . 75036 . 79003 . 54355 . 73180 . 82746 Table 4. 20 Descriptive statistics for the Upscale Category Descriptive Statisticsa N Brand Loyalty Perceived Quality Brand Awareness Brand Association Brand Equity Perceived Value Revisit Intentions Valid N (listwise) 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 a. Hotel Segment = Upscale Minimum 1. 33 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 29 1. 00 1. 00 Maximum 4. 33 3. 75 5. 00 3. 67 3. 60 4. 00 3. 50 Mean 2. 944 1. 8403 2. 0833 2. 2167 2. 1837 2. 3889 1. 9917 Std. Deviation . 74179 . 49983 . 82482 . 83885 . 47957 . 58919 . 64105 The above tables have important ramifications. It reveals that for Brand Loyalty the best score is for the Mid-Price and worst for Budget. For Perceived Quality following in the logical order the best score is for Upscale and the least for budget. For Brand Awareness the best score is for the mid-price and the worst surprisingly for the Upscale segment. For Brand Association the best positive score is for the budget and the least for the upscale segment. BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 4 Overall if we notice Brand equity as a sum of these 4 dimensions the best positive score is for the Upscale category with a mean of 2. 1837 followed by Mid-price and then Budget. Moreover for Perceived value surprisingly the perceptions are most positive for Upscale hotels and least for mid-price properties. Lastly the revisit intention is most positive for Upscale hotels and least for Budget Hotels. 4. 5 COMPARISON CORRELATION OF THE THREE SEGMENTS THROUGH Bivariate correlation tests were used to compare the 4 dimensions of brand equity, perceived value and revisit intentions across the three segments.The impact and the importance of variables was studied and compared. Table 4. 21 Correlation for Budget Category Correlationsa Brand Perceived Brand Associatio Perceived Revisit Quality Awareness n Value Intentions . 652** . 489** . 338** . 432** . 652** Brand Loyalty Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) Brand Loyalty 1 .000 .000 .002 .000 .000 Perceived Quality N Pearson Correlation 80 . 652** 80 1 80 . 500** 80 . 347** 80 . 520** 80 . 818** Sig. (2-tailed) . 000 .000 .002 .000 .000 Brand Awareness N Pearson Correlation 80 . 489** 80 . 500** 80 1 80 . 645** 80 . 401** 80 . 588** Sig. 2-tailed) . 000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 80 80 80 80 80 80 35 BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS Brand Pearson Association Correlation .338** .347** .645** 1 .486** .494** Sig. (2-tailed) . 002 .002 .000 .000 .000 N 80 80 80 80 80 80 Perceived Value Pearson Correlation .432** .520** .401** .486** 1 .631** Sig. (2-tailed) . 000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 80 80 80 80 80 80 Revisit Intentions Pearson Correlation .652** .818** .588** .494** .631** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) . 000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 80 80 80 80 80 80 **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). a.Hotel Segment = Budget This table shows the correlations between the 4 dimensions of bran d equity, perceived value and revisit intention for the Budget segment. For Perceived Value the correlation is strongest with Perceived Quality in the Brand Equity domain while with Revisit Intention it is 0. 631 which is the strongest of all components. With respect to revisit intention the strongest correlation has been with perceived quality while the weakest with Brand Association. Moreover all the correlations are positive and significant. BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 6 Table 4. 22 Correlation for Mid-Price Category Correlationsa Brand Perceived Brand Brand Perceived Revisit Loyalty Quality Awareness Association Value Intentions Brand Loyalty Pearson Correlation 1 . 619** . 000 75 1 . 251* . 030 75 . 486** . 000 75 1 -. 035 . 764 75 . 240* . 038 75 . 377** . 001 75 1 . 268* . 020 75 . 416** . 000 75 . 283* . 014 75 . 448** . 000 75 1 . 549** . 000 75 . 707** . 000 75 . 486** . 000 75 . 514** . 000 75 . 508** . 000 75 1 Sig. (2-tailed) N Perceived Pearson Quality Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Brand Pearson Awareness Correlation Sig. 2-tailed) N Brand Pearson Association Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Perceived Pearson Value Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Revisit Pearson Intentions Correlation 75 . 619** . 000 75 . 251* . 030 75 -. 035 . 764 75 . 268* . 020 75 . 549** 75 . 486** . 000 75 . 240* . 038 75 . 416** . 000 75 . 707** 75 . 377** . 001 75 . 283* . 014 75 . 486** 75 . 448** . 000 75 . 514** 75 . 508** Sig. (2-tailed) . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000 N 75 75 75 75 75 **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). *. Correlation is significant at the 0. 05 level (2-tailed). a. Hotel Segment = Mid-Price 75This table shows the correlations between the 4 dimensions of brand equity, perceived value and revisit intention for the Mid-Price segment. For Perceived Value the correlation is strongest with Brand Association in the brand Equity domain while with Revisit Intentions it is 0. 508. With respect to revisit intention t he strongest correlation has been with perceived quality while the weakest with Brand Awareness. Moreover apart from the correlation between Brand Awareness and Brand Loyalty all the correlations are positive and significant. BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 7 Table 4. 23 Correlation for Upscale Category Correlationsa Brand Loyalty Brand Loyalty Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) Perceived Quality N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N 60 . 438** . 000 60 . 173 . 186 60 -. 183 . 161 60 . 100 . 448 60 . 064 . 627 60 1 Perceived Brand Brand Perceived Revisit Quality Awareness Association Value Intentions . 438** . 000 60 1 . 173 . 186 60 . 407** . 001 60 1 -. 183 . 161 60 . 309* . 16 60 . 428** . 001 60 1 . 100 . 448 60 . 378** . 003 60 . 502** . 000 60 . 634** . 000 60 1 . 064 . 627 60 . 329* . 010 60 . 509** . 0 00 60 . 739** . 000 60 . 652** . 000 60 1 Brand Awareness 60 . 407** . 001 60 . 309* . 016 60 . 378** . 003 60 . 329* . 010 60 Brand Association 60 . 428** . 001 60 . 502** . 000 60 . 509** . 000 60 Perceived Value 60 . 634** . 000 60 . 739** . 000 60 Revisit Intentions 60 . 652** . 000 60 60 **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). *. Correlation is significant at the 0. 05 level (2-tailed). a. Hotel Segment = UpscaleThis table shows the correlations between the 4 dimensions of brand equity, perceived value and revisit intention for the upscale segment. For Perceived Value the correlation is strongest with Brand Association in the brand Equity domain while with Revisit Intentions it is 0. 652. With respect to revisit intention the strongest correlation has been with Brand Association while the weakest with Brand Loyalty. Moreover the glaring part in this category is that the correlations between Brand Loyalty and Perceived Value and Brand Loyalty and Revisit In tention have not been found to be significant.BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 38 Table 4. 24 Correlation for all the three segments Correlations Brand Loyalty 1 Perceived Brand Brand Perceived Revisit Quality Awareness Association Value Intentions . 618** . 293** . 048 . 306** . 517** . 000 215 1 . 000 215 . 409** . 000 215 1 . 486 215 . 256** . 000 215 . 474** . 000 215 1 . 000 215 . 432** . 000 215 . 362** . 000 215 . 485** . 000 215 1 . 000 215 . 703** . 000 215 . 498** . 000 215 . 527** . 000 215 . 590** . 000 215 1 Brand Loyalty Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. 2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Perceived Quality 215 . 618** . 000 215 . 293** . 000 215 . 048 . 486 215 . 306** . 000 215 . 517** . 000 Brand Awareness 215 . 409** . 000 215 . 256** . 000 215 . 432** . 000 215 . 703** . 000 Brand Associati on 215 . 474** . 000 215 . 362** . 000 215 . 498** . 000 Perceived Value 215 . 485** . 000 215 . 527** . 000 Revisit Intentions 215 . 590** . 000 215 215 215 215 215 **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). 215This table shows the correlations between the 4 dimensions of brand equity, perceived value and revisit intentions in the three segments combined that is for the whole sample. For Perceived Value the correlation is strongest with Brand Association followed by perceived quality in the brand Equity domain while with Revisit Intentions it is 0. 590. With respect to revisit intention the strongest correlation has been with Perceived Quality while the weakest with Brand Awareness. Apart from the correlations between Brand Loyalty and Brand Association, rest are significant. BRAND EQUITY, PERCEIVED VALUE AND REVISIT INTENTIONS 9 4. 7 TESTING THE IMPACT OF BRAND EQUITY In this section Regression has been used to study the impact of Brand Equity Dimensions and Per ceived Value and Revisit Intentions. In regression the Stepwise method has been used to stepwise ascertain which all dimensions of Brand Equity have the highest impact and

Theories Actually Seen in Practice in Ojt

Assessment of the OJT/Practicum ProgramA. New knowledge, attitudes, and skills acquiredI learned the flows and transaction in the Government process. Though, roughly of the work involves papers in procedural ways. The receiving and releasing of memorandum is very essential in a way that affects the flow of the work and it should be submitted on or forward deadline, so as the require data. As I was expose to this environment, it not much different with the projects at schools, terms papers that bring forth deadline and of course you must know what you start out on those papers because you might be question for it.B. Theories actually seen in practiceIn Technical raising and Skills Development government agency (TESDA), the community and client service exists in theory, but in practice there are few officials who work in it. They have philanthropy theory and giving good intensions for the good but most of it wishings of practice because of its manpower. Though, they have a good goal towards it.C. Feedback that can be given to the company or institutionThe mission and vision of the company is great, it really reflect the needs of the Filipino citizen especially to the jejuneness. It offers vocational courses that can help the youth to find work or build up their own business.In that way, it will lessen the population of unemployed individuals. But as I observe, the touch on of its transaction and others are sometimes delayed due to many unfinished transaction. The workers are minimal, and the works are exceeding its normal worker. It leads to unbalanced ratio of work, they lack of manpower. If only they have much worker or officials that only work to specific job at a time, they can render its service with maximum confidentiality and transactions will be process on time. And also with their worker, some of the workers dont do immediately their work, they will just wait until the deadline is near.And when it is some the deadline, thats the time they wi ll tend to the work, sometimes lead to many erasure and errors of data they put on their historys. The result, some of the transaction will be delayed because the worker will be invalid at the moment.D. Benefits gainedThe things or knowledge that I gained from working in Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) is that the government work is not that easy. It has many structure and procedures that must be followed before it is done or implemented.It will go under observation and studies before it is approved from the head of the agency. Thats why, it will takes months or even years before it is practice, some of us citizens complain why its not implemented directly, or done immediately. The cash flows, the money that are allotted to its specific project. It must liquidate thoroughly, because they will question it, even a oneness cent that is missing to data. They are very careful with it, especially when the heads of the agency will conduct unnoticed visit to c onduct inspection for the cash flows report they have.E. Problems encounteredThey are various problems that I encounter within the first month I work in, but most of them are repeated actions error in logging the receiving letters and releasing, error in checking the database in the enrollment and terminal report against the database, error in answering the telephone and mistakes in putting some data in the records room. But I overcome these problems, because its just the same old routine every day, so I easily chastise and remember my errors.

Case Study of Personality Theories Essay

Abdul Hnnan a 12 year old boy, who has been presented with language, academic and manner difficul tie beams. Hnnan had a traumatic deli precise and suffered from hypoxia. Hnnans early ram and language milestones were grossly delayed. He sat and crawled at 2.6 years of age and walked after 3 years. His language was delayed and he spoke his starting time words at 4.6 years to 5 years and in sentences after 5 years. His speech was unclear and could be understood by his parents at age 6 years. However, even now outsiders understood 75% of what he said. His gross motor skills and fine motor skills were poor. He started climbing stairs at 4 to 5 years and started pedaling at 5 years. He save could non pedal a bicycle, tie his shoelaces and button his shirt. Hnnan was a placid baby who did not respond, had no eye contact and had a squint. He slept for long hours and had to be force-fed. He was hyperactive, destructive and ravening after 3 years.He banged his head. He disliked visito rs and could get very distressed. He hated any object in the house being displaced and insisted on having everything in order. He was very rugged to manage. He liked to spin around and hop-skip. At the age of 4 to 5 years, he started noticing other children and started pickings interest in them. He became less hyperactive, less aggressive and was more amenable to instructions. However, presently he was still restless and jumped a lot. He could still spin around for hours. He liked being on his own but also could be talkative, over friendly and odd. He repeatedly asked the aforementioned(prenominal) questions and was naive. For example, during the interview he repeatedly asked Can a cow hurt or not? What if I play with it, will it hurt me or not? He had writing problems because of his hand tremors.He was always restless and distractible and could not sit for more than a few minutes. His memory was very good but his understanding was weak. His mother has to sit with him for hours t o teach him language and concepts. He has difficulty with understanding complex or abstract concepts. He did not have problems in social interaction but had difficulties in social communication and imaginative and flexible thinking. Difficulties with self control is presenting as restlessness, inability to follow adult order of business and paying attention to other people, to what they might be saying, thinking or feeling.SOCIAL HISTORYAbdul Hnnan was born in Lahore, Pakistan by Pakistani parents. He was the first child in the family. His mother, Wajiha, had a positive family history. One of her cousins was mentally retarded. Hnnan was born at term. His mother had high blood pressure. The labour was prolonged, 11 hours and a cesarean delivery was suggested but refused. He was born limp and blue. He had hypoxia. He was in NICU for 5 days. His birth weight was 2.54 kilos. He cried well after 15 days of life. Hnnans early motor and language milestones were grossly delayed. He started noticing children at 4 or 5 years and started taking interest in them. Hnnans younger sister, Amen, 3 years of age was very sociable and talkative.Hnnans father was more patient and his mother more irritable. Hnnan was very difficult till age 6 years and was aggressive, non-compliant and unreasonably demanding. As he grew older he became more co-operative and could be rationalized with. Whenever his mother asked him to do something he ignored 5 to 6 times. After that he started to argue. His mother used reprimands, bribes, threats and force to make him do things. Hnnan did not go to school. The family moved to Saudi Arabia when he was 7 years old. His parents took him to a Neuro-Developmental Pediatrician when he was 9 years old. His mother reported that he did not like to play with toys.All he did was jump on a bed or spin around. He was very restless and distracted and had a short attention span. He could be very stubborn and insisted on doing things his way. He was generally che erful and friendly. He repeatedly asked the same questions and insisted that his parents answer them in the same way or he answered them himself. He watched the same cartoons repeatedly. He constantly jumped or spun around. He used to grab things from strangers. He ignored a child crying till age 5 years but after that he gradually became more empathetic. Hnnan avoided staying in crowds as he knew that he was different from others and thats why people were express mirth at him.After that his condition got better. Following difficulties may become apparent in early childhood Problems performing subtle movements, such as tie shoelaces, doing up buttons and zip, using cutlery, handwriting. Many will have difficulties getting dressed. They have problems carrying out playground movements, such as jumping, playing hopscotch, catching a ball, charge a ball, hopping and skipping. They have a higher tendency to bump into things, to fall over and to drop things. Some find it hard to go up a nd see stairs. Some have problems with using scissors, coloring, drawing, playing jigsaw games.

The Utilization of Moringa Oleifera (Malunggay)

Rising energy prices and environmental problems led to the increase in alcohol demands in many aspects, analogous in making fuels. Many people are doing researches about making their own product so as to lessen their everyday expenses. Right now, Philippine scientists are in think of the search for alternative fuels, with the experts from the University of the Philippines in both Diliman and Los Banos campuses searching all over the archipelago for energy sources from the forests to the bottom of the sea, from enzymes to fungi and other microorganisms.So, the investigator came up of using the malunggay leaves extract as source of ethanol since based on the teach done by Senator Loren Legarda, the extracts obtained from the leaves of malunggay plant is 80% ethanol, which is used for fuels. This study knew the possibility of ethanol from malunggay leaves extract. First, the researcher gathered the needed the raw material, the malunggay leaves. It weighted . 75 kilogram. Then, thro ugh the process of grinding and filtration, 700mL of malunggay leaves extract was produced. The extract was fermented after with the concern of live yeast for a period of six weeks.The fermented extracts was then distilled using the simple distilling apparatus and the researcher obtained 60 mL ethanol. The ethanol was then brought to the Philippine Institute of Pure and Applied Chemistry (PIPAC) to know its ethanol content. Based on the testing done, only . 5% of the volume of the product is ethanol. After the testing, the natural properties were computed. Using the formula for density, D=mass/volume, 47. 4 g/ml was obtained. For the specific gravity, the formula SG=density of the liquid/density of water, and . 79 was obtained.

Donald Trump Essay

Trumps early years argon a major part of what has made him triple-crown in the past and in the present Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946 in the city of Queens, New York into the family of Frederick C. And Mary McLeod Drum p. His father, Frederick C. Trump was a realest developer and builder. He owned multiple middle income apartment expressions in Queens. Donas mom was a plinth rapist, working with different charities. Donald Trump was an energetic and assertive e child and according to the site Biography. Com His parents sent him to the New York MilitaryAcademy, hoping the discipline would help channel his energy in a positive m inner. Trump was genuinely triple-crown in the academy, in both social and academic aspect TTS. In Biography. Com it continues to states that Trump did well academically and socially, rising to be star athlete and student leader by the time he graduated in 1964 Trumps efforts and work in the business world have made him the extremely pixilat ed man he is today. He is currently worth currently is 4$ Billion, and owns multiple realest properties.He also owns many hotels, restaurants, c salons, ND even various golf courses in the United states as well as internationally. T rump also hosts the reality Television show The Celebrity Apprentice. These properties, realest investments and his successful TV show would not have been poss. able if it were not for his large(p) work during his younger years in business. His massive f retune and wealth were acquired through hard work, connections, as well as his exec Lent knowledge Of the business world. Trump began his career working in the fame business, the Trump organization, which built and operated apartment build nags.Trump later on moved to Manhattan, where he began expanding his business career be cause he became convinced of the economic prospect there. Trump involved himself fin various building projects and opportunities in the city that would earn him high profit s an d recognition. Trumps personality and attitude are some of the defining factors that make him a very storied businessman, entrepreneur, and celebrity today. Trumps charisma and charm have helped him in his career as well. His charisma and personality as well as knowledge and communication skills are key to his such as.Donald Trumps interpersonal abilities are key to making connections in the b equines world and to achieve personal success. His ability to combine business hammock edge and Mr. Frangible great communication skills would seem to be one of the main factors that were e beneficial in becoming the successful businessman that he is. Trumps wealth, knowledge, and personality are a part of his major success. His wealth and success will leave behind a legacy and is an example of the economic opportunity in the United States.He would continually set high tankards of excellence while expanding his interests in real estate, sports an d entertainment Biography-asp). Donald J. Tru mp has been a success in his personal life as well as in his professional and busing sees life. His entrepreneurial skills and his savvy knowledge and assertive skills put him In a successful pathway leaving a legacy and example of the economic opportunity y in the United States.

Billy Elliot Essay

Explain why the image was memorable in the text(s) as a whole, supporting your points with examples of visual and/or oral language features. Billy Elliot is a film directed by Stephen Daldry that tells of a twelve year old boy called Billy. Raised in a hiting class family, Billy had perpetually possessed a love for dancing. However, set during 1984 in the small mining townsfolk of Everington, his dream of neat a ballet dancer proves to be difficult. His father, Jacky and brother, Tony be also involved in the miners strike, which puts the family in fiscal difficulties.The main idea of this film is to pursue your dream and not to give up when there are obstacles in the way. Daldry uses Billys story to portray this as a memorable idea for the sense of hearing. At the beginning of the movie, Billy attends boxing classes at the local gymnasium. However, we see that Billy isnt truly fire in boxing. One day when Billy stays behind at the gym, he becomes intrigued by the ballet cl asses held by Mrs Wilkinson. Rather than attending boxing classes, Billy begins to attend the ballet classes instead. As he spends much time learning ballet, Billys determination is also revealed.An example of this is the cross-cutting technique used to destine Billy practising his pirouette. The cross cutting involves several different scenes of Billy practising to get his pirouette accountability. Some scenes are of him in his small bathroom and some are of him losing his patience. This shows Billys perseverance and determination as a dancer, a dancer that will keep practising despite not having enough space at home. Other than his determination, his passion for ballet dancing is also further revealed as Billy tries to extend himself as a ballet dancer.Daldry uses this montage to show the audience that you stop get better at something with practise, regular without the proper tools or environment that you are in. This was also memorable because the audience can be stimulate by Billys determination to practise at what you love. In the film, Billys study obstacle is the opinion of the small mining community he lives in. Many of the people in his town believe that ballet is a feminine dance and if a male were to do ballet consequently he must be a poof (homosexual).His own father and brother also emotional state this way about him doing ballet. An example of the publics opinion was right after Billy successfully completed a pirouette. Mr Braithwaite, pianist at his ballet class, tells Billy quietly, You look like a right wanker if you ask me, son. In this dialogue, Mr Braithwaite represents the publics opinion on a male ballet dancer.Another example is Jackys opinion on him doing ballet, Lads do boxin or wrestlin or football game not figgin ballet This reveals Billys major barrier to his dream because he needs to spank the communitys opinion and most importantly his fathers opinion until he can become a ballet dancer. Billy eventually overcomes this however, this obstacle did help make the main idea memorable. Facing public opinions is something the audience can often relate to, and Billys story allows the audience to feel sympathetic towards him. Despite obstacles in his way financial difficulties and public opinion, Billy eventually gets admitted into the gallant Ballet School.The ending is set fifteen years in advance where the audience sees Jacky and Tony travelling to capital of the United Kingdom to attend a ballet concert of Swan Lake. As we see the older Billy limbering up, doubt builds as the audience are only shown the backs and limbs of older Billy. When Billy runs on to the stage performing a grand jete a hinder frame is used to capture the perfected finesse. The freeze frame effectively revealed to the audience Billys physique, skill and confidence the he has achieved over the past fifteen years.Daldry uses this as the ending to show the audience that reward can be sown after determination and training. The fre eze frame itself was a memorable conclusion to the film and Billys story, however it also serves as a memorable reminder to the audience that success can be earned with hard work and perseverance. Therefore, to conclude, Daldry has used techniques such as cross cutting, dialogue and freeze frame to help convey a memorable idea. The main idea of following your dream and overcoming obstacles.

Learning and Memory Worksheet Essay

1. Write a 450- to 700-word essay to withdraw the relationship between classical and operant conditioning. Explain their elements and how they differ from one another. Additionally, provide an example for how learn can occur through each mode of conditioning. Explain how Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner contributed to the study of learning and conditioning.Ivan Pavlov contributions were the dispirit and the rise of behaviorism in psychological science. His experimental methods influence the growth of behaviorism, and helped move psychology away from introspection and subjective or the objective measurement of behavior in which played a great start in our study. Hey study the behavior of Dogs in which in term he develops a new ready of learning .This new form of learning is called classical conditioning a form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli. Ivan Pavlov similarly utilize a bell in which as a neutral stimulus, he would ring the bell when the do gs were given an unconditioned stimulus, meat powder. The result is that the dogs than will oppose salivate when the unconditioned stimulus is given to the dogs.This stimulus is called the conditioned stimulus it changes from an unconditioned response to a conditioned respond. The dog quickly learned the difference from the bell and receiving an unconditioned stimulus. As for B.F skinner who also staunch behaviorism became a force in psychology and the therapy techniques in fact that we still go ford extensively today. He also made the Skinner box which is also called operant conditioning domiciliate in which had like a metal lever and a tray in which food can be drop for the rats are in a tray.These two played an important role in our psychologys history gave us an important contributions to our understanding of human behavior in which we can use to go by.2. Match the correct type of memory with its respective function.