Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Epilogue

Epilogue The angel took the book from him, then went out the door and across the hall, where he knocked on the door. â€Å"He's finished,† the angel said to someone in the room. â€Å"What, you're leaving? I can just go?† asked Levi who was called Biff. The door across the hall opened, and there stood another angel, this one seeming to have more a female aspect than Raziel. She too held a book. She stepped into the hall to reveal a woman standing behind her, wearing jeans and a green cotton blouse. Her hair was long and straight, dark with reddish highlights, and her eyes were crystal blue and seemed to glow in contrast to her dark skin. â€Å"Maggie,† said Levi. â€Å"Hi, Biff.† â€Å"Maggie finished her Gospel weeks ago,† said Raziel. â€Å"Really?† The Magdalene smiled. â€Å"Well, I didn't have as much to write as you did. I didn't see you guys for sixteen years.† â€Å"Oh, right.† â€Å"It is the will of the Son that you two go out together into this new world,† said the female angel. Levi went across the hall and took her in his arms. They kissed for a long time until the angels began to clear their throats and murmur â€Å"Get a room† under their breaths. They held each other at arm's length. Levi said, â€Å"Maggie, is this going to be like it always was? You know, you're with me, and you love me and everything, but it's only because you can't have Josh?† â€Å"Of course.† â€Å"That's so pathetic.† â€Å"You don't want to be together?† â€Å"No, I want to, it's just pathetic.† â€Å"I have money,† she said. â€Å"They gave me money.† â€Å"That's good.† â€Å"Go,† said Raziel, losing his patience. â€Å"Go, go, go. Go away.† He pointed down the hallway. They started walking down the hallway, arm in arm, tentatively, looking back at the angels every few steps, until at last they looked back and the angels were gone. â€Å"You should have stuck around,† the Magdalene said. â€Å"I couldn't. It hurt too much.† â€Å"He came back.† â€Å"I know, I read about it.† â€Å"He was sad because of what you had done.† â€Å"Yeah, so was I.† â€Å"The others were angry with you. They said that you had the greatest reason to believe.† â€Å"That why they edited me out of their Gospels?† â€Å"Good guess,† she said. They stepped into the elevator and the Magdalene pushed the button for the lobby. â€Å"By the way, it was Hallowed,† she said. â€Å"What was Hallowed?† â€Å"The H. His middle name. It was Hallowed. It's a family name, remember, ‘Our father, who art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name.'† â€Å"Damn, I would have guessed Harvey,† Biff said. Afterword Teaching Yoga to an Elephant And there are also many other things which Jesus did, the which, if they should be written every one, I suppose that even the world itself could not contain the books that should be written. Amen. JOHN 21:25 Can you really teach yoga to an elephant? Well no, you can't, but we're talking about Jesus here. Nobody knows what he could do. The book you've just read is a story. I made it up. It is not designed to change anyone's beliefs or worldview, unless after reading it you've decided to be kinder to your fellow humans (which is okay), or you decide you really would like to try to teach yoga to an elephant, in which case, please get videotape. I researched Lamb, I really did, but there is no doubt I could have spent decades researching and still managed to be inaccurate. (It's a talent, what can I say?) While I've made some attempt to paint an accurate picture of the world in which Christ lived, I changed things for my own convenience, and sometimes, obviously, there was no way of knowing what conditions really existed in the years 1 through 33. The available written history about the peasant class, society, and the practice of Judaism in the first century in Galilee degenerates quickly into theory. The role of the Pharisees in peasant society, the Hellenistic influence, the influence of an international city like Joppa nearby: who knows how these things would have affected Christ as a boy? Some historians postulate that Yeshua of Nazareth would have been little more than an ignorant hillbilly, while others say that because of the proximity of Sepphoris and Joppa, he could have been exposed to Greek and Roman culture from an early age. I chose the latter because it makes for a more interesting story. The historical life of Jesus, beyond a couple of references by Josephus, the Jewish historian of the first century, and the odd mention by Roman historians, is again mostly speculation. What we can know today of the life of Jesus of Nazareth is included in the four slim Gospels found in the New Testament: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. For those readers who know the Gospels (bear with me), you know that Matthew and Luke are the only two to mention Christ's birth, while Mark and John cover only the ministry part of Jesus' life. The wise men are mentioned only in one short passage in Matthew, and the shepherds are mentioned only in Luke. The slaughter of the innocents and the fleeing into Egypt are mentioned only in Matthew. In short, Jesus' infancy is a jumble, but the chronicle of his childhood is worse. Of the time from Jesus' birth to when he began his ministry in his thirties, the Bible gives us only one scene: Luke tells us of Jesus teaching in the Temple in Jerusalem at age twel ve. Other than that, we have a thirty-year hole in the life of the most influential human being to ever walk the face of the earth. With Lamb, in my own goofy way, I attempted to fill that hole in history, but again, I am not trying to present history as it might really have been, I'm simply telling stories. Some of the historical elements of Lamb are uncomfortable to work the modern mind around. The precocious sexuality comes to mind. That Maggie would have been betrothed by twelve and married by thirteen is almost certain from what we know of Jewish society in the first century, as are the facts that a Jewish boy of the time would have been learning his trade by age ten, would be betrothed at thirteen, and would be married by fourteen. Trying to create empathy for the adult roles of those whom we, today, would consider children, was of no small concern to me when I was writing that section of the book, but it may be the one section where the sexuality of the characters is not historically out of place. The average peasant in Galilee would have been lucky to live to the age of forty, so perhaps the children, by necessity, reached sexual maturity earlier than they would under less harsh conditions. Although there are, I'm sure, many historical inaccuracies and improbabilities in this book, the most blatant that I have knowingly indulged is in the section where Biff and Joshua visit Gaspar in the mountains of China. While Gautama Buddha did indeed live and teach some five hundred years before the birth of Christ, and while his teachings were widespread in India by the time our heroes could have made it to the East, Buddhism didn't make it into China for almost five hundred years after Christ's death. The martial arts would not be developed by Buddhist monks until after that, but to remain historically accurate, I would have had to leave out an important question that I felt needed to be addressed, which is, â€Å"What if Jesus had known kung fu?† The life of Gaspar, as described in Lamb (the nine years in the cave, etc.), is drawn from the legends of the life of the Buddhist patriarch Bodhidharma, the man who is said to have taken Buddhism to China around A.D. 500. Bodhidharma (or Daruma) is credited with the school of Buddhism that we know today as Zen. Buddhist legend does not mention Bodhidharma encountering a yeti, but they do have him cutting his eyelids off to avoid falling asleep and having them sprout into tea plants which later monks would brew to keep awake during meditation (which I left out), so I traded that story in on an abominable snowman and Biff's theory of natural selection. Seemed fair. Bodhidharma is also said to have invented and taught kung fu to the famous Shao Lin monks to condition them for the rigorous regimen of meditation he prescribed. Most of the details of the festival of Kali, including the sacrifices and mutilations, come from Joseph Campbell's Oriental Mythology, from his Masks of God series. Campbell cites eyewitness accounts of the bloody ritual from nineteenth-century British soldiers and states that even today over eight hundred goats are beheaded for the festival of Kali in Calcutta. (Anyone who had trouble with this passage, please write to Campbell in his current incarnation.) The cited verses from the Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita are actual translations of those revered writings. The verses from the Kama Sutra are completely from my imagination, but you'll find weirder stuff in the actual book. Theologically, I made certain assumptions about who Jesus was, mainly that he was who the Gospels say he was. While I used the Gospels heavily for reference, and there are a couple of references to the Acts of the Apostles (specifically the giving of the gift of tongues, without which Biff could not have told the story in modern American idiom), I tried not to draw on the rest of the New Testament, specifically the letters of Paul, Peter, James, and John, as well as Revelations, all written years after the Crucifixion (as were the Gospels). These missives eventually went on to define Christianity, but no matter what you may think of them, you have to agree that Jesus would not have been aware of them, or the events in them, or certainly the consequences of their teaching, so they had no place in this story. Joshua and Biff, as Jewish boys, would, however, have been familiar with the books of the Old Testament, the first five of which made up the base of their faith, the Torah, and th e rest which were referred to by people of the time as Prophets and Writings, so I referred to these when I felt it was appropriate. As I understand it, however, the Talmud and most of the Midrash (illustrative stories explaining the law of God) had not yet been formulated and agreed upon, so they were not used as a reference for Lamb. From the Gnostic Gospels (a set of manuscripts found at Nag Hammadi, Egypt, in 1945, but which actually may have been written earlier than the canonized Gospels) I've drawn only slightly on the Gospel of Thomas, a book of Christ's sayings, because it fit well with the Buddhist point of view (many of the sayings in the Gospel of Thomas are also found in Mark). The other Gnostic Gospels were either too fragmentary, or frankly, just plain creepy (the Infancy Gospel of Thomas describes Jesus, at age six, using his supernatural powers to murder a group of children because they tease him. Sort of Carrie Goes to Nazareth. Even I had to pass.) Lamb is peppered throughout with biblical references, both real and made-up (i.e., Biff quotes liberally from nonexistent books of the Bible such as Dalmatians, Excretions, and Amphibians). My editor and I discussed the merit of footnoting these references and decided that footnotes would detract from the flow of the story. The problem arises, however, that if the reader knows the Bible well enough to recognize the real references, there's a good chance that he or she has decided not to read this book. Our final decision – well, my final decision, my editor wasn't really consulted on this because he might have said no – was to advise those who are not familiar with the Bible to find someone who is, sit them down, read them the passages in question, then say, â€Å"That one real? How 'bout that one?† If you don't know someone who is familiar with the Bible, just wait, someone will come to your door eventually. Keep extra copies of Lamb on hand so they can take one with them. Another problem with telling a story that has been told so many times is that people are looking for elements with which they are familiar. Although I've glossed over many events that are chronicled in the Gospels, there are numerous elements which many people think are there, which simply are not. One is that Mary Magdalene was a prostitute. She's always portrayed that way in movies, but it doesn't ever say that she is in the Bible. She is mentioned by name eleven times in the synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Luke, Mark). Most references to her talk about her preparation for the burial of Jesus, and then being the first witness of his resurrection. It also says that Jesus cured her of evil spirits. No whore references, period. There are â€Å"Marys† without surnames all over the Gospels, and some of them, I suspect, may refer to the Magdalene, specifically the Mary who, soon before his death, anoints Jesus' feet with expensive ointment and wipes them with her hair, certainly one of the most tender moments in the Gospels and the primary basis for my rendering of Maggie's character. We know from letters that many of the leaders of the early church were women, but in first-century Israel, a woman who struck out on her own without a husband was not only considered uppity, but was very likely referred to as a harlot (as was a woman who was divorced). That could be where the myth originated. Another Gospel misassumption is that the three wise men were kings, or, in fact, that there were even three of them. We make that assumption because there are three gifts given to the Christ child. Their names are never mentioned. The names Balthasar, Gaspar, and Melchior come to us from Christian tradition written hundreds of years after the time of Christ. We assume that Joseph of Nazareth, Jesus' stepfather, dies before the Crucifixion, yet it is never stated in the Gospels. He just may not have been involved. We make assumptions based on what we have been fed over the years at Christmas pageants and passion plays, but often, although inspired by faith, that material is little more than what you have just read: the product of someone's imagination. The Gospels do not agree on the order of the events that happen during the ministry, from Jesus' baptism by John to the Crucifixion, so I arranged events from all the Gospels in what seemed a logical, chronological order, while adding t hose elements that allow Biff's participation in the story. There are, of course, elements of the Gospels which I left out in the interest of brevity, but you can always find them in the Gospels if you want. My sending Joshua and Biff to the East was motivated purely by story, not by basis in the Gospel or historical evidence. While there are indeed astounding similarities between the teachings of Jesus and those of Buddha (not to mention those of Lao-tzu, Confucius, and the Hindu religion, all which seem to have included some version of the Golden Rule), it's more likely that these stem from what I believe to be logical and moral conclusions that any person in search of what is right would come to, e.g.: that the preferable way to treat one another is with love and kindness; that pursuit of material gain is ultimately empty when measured against eternity; and that somehow, as human beings, we are all connected spiritually. While historians and theologians don't completely rule out the possibility that Christ may have traveled to the East, they seem to agree that he could have formulated the teachings we find in the Gospels with no more influence than the rabbinical teachings in Galilee and Judea. But what fun would that have been? Finally, this story was set in a dire time, a deadly serious time, and the world of the first-century Jew under the rule of the Romans would not have been one that easily inspired mirth. It's more than a small anachronism that I portray Joshua having and making fun, yet somehow, I like to think that while he carried out his sacred mission, Jesus of Nazareth might have enjoyed a sense of irony and the company of a wisecracking buddy. This story is not and never was meant to challenge anyone's faith; however, if one's faith can be shaken by stories in a humorous novel, one may have a bit more praying to do. My thanks to the many people who helped in the research and writing of this book, especially those who were generous enough to share their beliefs without judgment or condemnation. Many thanks to Neil Levy, Mark Joseph, Professor William â€Å"Sundog† Bersley, Ray Sanders, and John â€Å"The Heretic† Campbell for their advice on religion, philosophy, and history. To Charlee Rodgers for putting up with the fits, starts, whining, and hubris of the process, as well as to Dee Dee Leichtfuss for readings and comments. Special thanks to Orly Elbaz, who was my tour guide through Israel and who showed infinite patience in answering my nitpicky historical questions. Also to my agent, Nick Ellison, and my editor, Tom Dupree, for their patience, tolerance, and advice. Christopher Moore BIG SUR, CALIFORNIA NOVEMBER 2000

FLVS World History

In what ways is the Holy Land an important site for all three monotheistic faiths? For the Christians it is the city were Jesus was crucified and where he had risen from the dead. For the Muslims it is a place where their leader Mohammad ascended to meet God. Now for the Jewish people King David had named it and it was where Solomon had built the temple, also the Wailing Wall is in this city. The three major monotheistic religions are sometimes described as branches of the same family tree. If this is true, how would you describe the trunk of the tree? I would describe the trunk of the tree as being Judaism. A very strong standing place where the three monotheistic religions started. Like it says in the text â€Å"All three major monotheistic religions claim they began with Abraham. Judaism and Christianity claim that their founders descended from Abraham's son Isaac. Islam claims descent through his other son, Ishmael. † Which Abraham came from Israel, he’s the first generation and helped start the three major religions. How are the three major holy books of the monotheistic faiths both similar and different?Ap World History Units 1-3 Study Guide Judaism believes that Jesus is not the prophet and has not arrived yet. While Christianity and Islam believe that Jesus has already arrived and is the prophet. Christianity also believes in the Holy Triune, which is when God is the father son and Holy spirit. The three faiths are mainly similar because they believe that God put us on this earth with the basic needs. How are the basic beliefs of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam alike? They are alike because they believe that God put us on this earth with the basic needs. Judaism and Islam think that all humans were born pure and innocent. Christianity on the other hand thinks that we’re all born with a natural sin. What types of internal differences and divisions exist within each religion? the easiest way to break up Christianity is into these five categories: Orthodox, Catholic, Protestant, Eastern, and Mormon. Each of these groups believes the other groups are failing in their attempt to reach proper salvation through the Christ and as such have their own methods of attaining this goal.

Decision Making and Favorite Poem Essay

My absloute favorite poem we studied was â€Å"The stone† The way Wilfrid Wilson Gibson tells about the sorrow a woman goes through after the loss of her loved one is unmatched by anyone else. My third and final favorite poem was â€Å"Song† by Garcia Lorca. â€Å"Song† tells of â€Å"The girl of beautiful face† who â€Å"goes gathering olives†. The way Lorica paints a picture of content in the girl is what strikes me most about this poem. Many eligible men come by to take her away to their country. â€Å"Four ride’s†¦ on Andalusian ponies [say] come to Cordoba, lass†. But â€Å"the girl pays no heed†. Man after man comes to bring her home but she does not accept. This is because she is happy where she is, and she does not need anyone to make her feel content. I also liked the way the author uses personification, he writes â€Å"with gray arm of the wind encircling her waist†. Here he implies that the wind can grab the girls waist, when in fact that is not true. The author also uses free verse because there are no patterns in his writing. His writing sounds more like a paragraph then a poem to me. My second favorite poem was â€Å"Ordinance On lining Up† by Naomi Lazard. This is due to the message behind Lazard’s words. I believe that the author’s message in the poem is that people have to make many life altering changes in their life. Each decision, a metaphorical â€Å"path† they have to take, each have their perks and each have their downfalls. An example of this is â€Å"In joining the line to the right you ill end life as a beggar. If you decide on the line to the left everything you believe will become nonsense†. I also liked the use of metaphor in this poem. In fact, this whole poem is a metaphor. There are two lines, one on the right and one on the left. The author is saying you must make a decision, and comparing the decision to two lines. She uses free verse in her writing. This poem is written like a paragraph that has been cut at random places. There are sentences that end in the middle of lines, and there are sentences that go for more then two lines. The reason I liked this liked this poem is because I could relate to it closely. Every day I must make big decisions and small ones. Which ever way I choose, I will never know the outcome of the other one, but that is the risk we take getting out of bead in the morning. One of the biggest decisions I have had to make so far is whether go to go to Stuyvesant or go to the high school next to my house. They both had positives and negatives. Stuyvesant was farther away from my home, and is a much harder school that would require much more focus and work. The other school was ten minutes from my house and would not be as taxing on my brain. Although I could relate to this poem greatly, the message behind is was very obvious and did not require much thinking. Because of this it was only my second favorite poem out of the sixteen we studied. The poem which intrigued me the most was the first poem we studied, â€Å"The Stone† by Wilfrid Wilson Gibson. This poem was my favorite simply because of the use of language and visual imagery. An example of this is, â€Å"three days before, a splintered rock had struck her lover dead† this quote paints a picture of death in my mind that is unlike any other sentence I have read before. Another reason I loved this poem so much was the way Gibson shows you the lovers feeling of sorrow after the death of her loved one. The author states, â€Å"She did not sigh nor moan. His mother wept: She could not weep. Her lover slept: She could not sleep. Three days, three nights, She did not stir: Three days, three nights, Were one to her, Who never closed her eyes From sunset to sunrise, From dawn to evenfall, Her tearless, staring eyes,That, seeing naught, saw all. This shows how the heart reacts to devastating news. She was in such shock and sorrow that she could not even bring herself to cry. Among the other poetic devises used, I epically like the way the author uses personification, â€Å"The two of us were chiselling, Together, I and Death. † The author uses the word death so freely, it almost makes me feel like death is such a common thing. Through Gibsons use in language, visual imagery and overall feel of the poem, he has created a timeless masterpiece.

ILO conventions in Malaysia and Indonesia Essay

ILO conventions in Malaysia and Indonesia - Essay Example Perhaps the foremost social responsibility levied upon private and public organisation in recent decades is the adoption of fair and just employment practices. This responsibility is being increasingly codified in law and various governmental orders. Its influence is becoming increasingly pervasive through a constant series of federal court decisions as well as steady enlargement in the size and scope of administering agencies. Despite the unjust pressure from the International agencies and Governments of the developed nations it will neither fruitful for the economy of the developing countries nor for the labour of these countries to implement these principles in shape of the social clause of WTO or the ILO directives. The developed nations argue that the ILO standards are not intended to fix a uniform wage level or to establish universal employment conditions but are intended to making the conditions of the labour better all over the world. If the Governments of the developed countries are not intended to protect their job market shocks and really want to provide the labour all over the world they can achieve their goals by providing these countries with technological and financial support. This will automatically lead to the prosperous economies of these countries in turn bettering the living standards of the labour all over the world. ILO: International Labour Organisation is an international agency, which take care of the rights of the labour all over the world. ILO presents the guidelines, which allow the workers to form their organisation in order to help them to bargain and to safeguard their rights, settled a universal standard

State some of the major student rights. What do you think should be Essay

State some of the major student rights. What do you think should be some of their matching responsibilities illustrate - Essay Example In this particular study, a new type of assessment is proposed, which is known as hybrid-problem based learning. Students have the right to be interactive and seek new ways to learn and stimulate their mind. Instead of having endless boring drills, students have the right to utilize the latest technologies that can facilitate their learning process. As a matter of fact, there is a strong push will be made by the school to develop a more â€Å"hands-on approach† in the dynamic learning environment. Younger students are further engaged in a process of collaboration and discovery as they explore the new spheres of the environment.  Ã‚   Matching responsibilities between students and teachers is respect. Students should respect their tutors and administrative staff because education is a privilege not a right. The effects of mutual symbiotic learning is essential for both groups to be sync and be beneficial for both. Technology and new methodology can play in this role. Another responsibility is to ensure that they are teachers are given new opportunities to work with new students. New opportunities is essential for learning and nurturing. This ensures a system of harnessing and development for both parties. This new methodology imposes key concepts of critical thinking that traditional techniques lack in their system. They must enjoy the learning process through simulation. For instance, I would highly suggest e-learning software and applications that can be integrated in their learning environment. If a student struggled with an issue, I would hope that they have developed the necessary skillset to rectify that is sue. Goodine, J.. Comparing computer software programs: Determining the most efficient system for teaching English language learners. Ed.D. dissertation,Northcentral University, United States -- Arizona. Retrieved August 1, 2011, from Dissertations & Theses: Full Text.(Publication No. AAT

Hospitality and tourism industry economy in Australia Essay

Hospitality and tourism industry economy in Australia - Essay Example Although, this segment comprises of a cluster of small firms or hotels that offers extremely attractive holiday packages to spend leisure or recreational times, religion or health, business and professional purposes at a quite affordable ranges. Due to this, its competitiveness enhanced to a significant rate as compared to others. Thus, from the above graphs, it might be depicted that the outlook of hospitality or tourism industry in Australia changed to a certain extent. The entire credit of such a market scenario of hospitality and tourism industry of Australia is due to the changing demographics. However, in-spite of benefits, it also had to face varied types of challenges as well. This paper mainly focuses about the challenges regarding the type of jobs and talents required for the individual getting engaged in the hospitality and tourism industry in Australia due to changing demographics. Along with this, it also describes the appropriate human resource approaches essential to retain the employees as well as to attract new talented ones towards the industry of tourism. In this today’s era, maximum extent of the employees desire to establish his or her own identity and image in the organization or industry, engaged with. This is mainly due to the changes of the attitudes and behaviours of the generation x and y candidates as compared to baby boomers. So, in order to retain the employees of generation x and y within the organization or industries for a longer period of time, varied types of human resource approaches are maintained. These approaches might lead to the betterment of this industry. So, they are described below one by one. Succession Management- according to Philips (2012), it is a constant process of identifying, assessing and developing varied leaders within the organization so as to improve the level of performance, dedication

My Personal Code of Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

My Personal Code of Ethics - Essay Example Still others have no real faith and try to build a moral foundation out of their personal experience adding rules and content to it as the years go by. In this essay I will look at some of the most popular moral schemas—and the obligations that come from them—and then describe my own view on this vast and important subject. I was brought up in a religious family and was baptized in the church. Not all of my family was very religious, but my mother and my brother and sister were. I was instructed in the Sunday school with the typical Christian moral precepts: the Golden Rule, love they neighbour, the Ten Commandments. But these ideas seemed to me to be much more like common sense then in any idea that needed to be divinely revealed. I didn’t really understand why a god was required to supervise or implement these rules as it seemed to me that most people basically followed them anyway. I did, however, become interested in the way that this sort of morality influenced American politics and how many of the principles of the constitution seemed to be based of Judea-Christian values. I totally agree with the French history Alexis de Tocqueville when he visited American hundreds of years ago and wrote: The principles of New England †¦ now extend their influence beyond its limits, over the whole American world. The civilization of New England has been like a beacon lit upon a hill†¦. †¦ Puritanism was not merely a religious doctrine, but corresponded in many points with the most absolute democratic and republican theories. †¦Nathaniel Morton, the historian of the first years of the settlement, thus opens his subject: â€Å"we may not hide from our children, showing to the generations to come the praises of the Lord; that especially the seed of Abraham his servant, and the children of Jacob his chosen ( Psalm cv. 5, 6 ), may remember his marvellous works in the beginning †¦ â€Å" †¦ The general principles which are the groundwork of modern

Austrailain Law - Business Law report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Austrailain Law - Business Law report - Essay Example The case examples highlight important elements required for promissory estoppel to be applicable. Keywords: Promissory estoppel, detriment. Content Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Promissory estoppel†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 Collier v P&M J Wright (Holdings)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Collier v P&M J Wright case review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 D & C Builders V Rees†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 D & C Builders V Rees case review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Introduction Estoppel in law implies to stop or bar a person from denying matters or truths that he/ she expressly or impliedly stated (Sharma 1994). Promissory estoppel can therefore be defined as legal doctrine that bars a person from making a promise and then withdrawing it at a time when a second party has reas onably acted upon the promise to their detriment (Spence 1997). If an individual makes a statement that causes a second party to act in a particular way, then that person will be â€Å"estopped† from denying the truth (Spence 1997). In order for promissory estoppel to hold, the promise or statement made must be reasonable. The statement must also be unequivocal; meaning that there is no element of ambiguity in it. In Australian law, the doctrine holds even if the parties did not have any preexisting relationship. The doctrine stipulates that it is necessary for the promisee to act to their detriment for it to hold. Promissory estoppel was established back in the 19th century in the English Law Courts. The case involved Metropolitan Railway Co v Hughes in the year 1877 (Cartwright 2006). The doctrine is especially important to the business world since it ensures that individuals are compensated if they incur losses when they act based on promises delivered by others. Australia n law adopted promissory estoppel doctrine in the case of Legione v. Hateley, 1983 (Nolan 2000). In that case, the plaintiff had sued the defendant after he rescinded the contract on sale of land, which had already come to pass. The plaintiff had asked for more time to pay the balance he owed. Promissory estoppel usually applies in business dealings. It is meant to protect those who act upon statement and promises and in the process experience a disadvantage or detriment. In Australian law, the doctrine is enforceable under certain conditions. These may include dishonesty from the person who makes a promise, presence of a contractual relation between individuals, or where a person has duty of information. It is important to note that there are some limitations on the doctrine of estoppel. As mentioned earlier, the doctrine holds only when the statement or promise made is of a factual nature. The other limitation is that the doctrine does not hold for promises meant to be fulfilled i n the future (Cartwright 2006). Promissory estoppel In simple contracts, a person may be able to break an agreement and cause injury to others. This doctrine ensures that the promisee is held liable for his words. Promissory estop

The Software Development Lifecycle Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Software Development Lifecycle - Assignment Example The growth rate for emerging innovations in this field is functioning on its peak. In this article use of Information technology (IT) is elaborated through a real word example that maintain collage data in excel sheets, which is better than traditional paper work. But still need improvement and required to merge up in a database of access and get more benefit from Information technology (IT) features. The database is designed and discussed in the article. Database maintains the data in organized manner. Provide the facility to create quick and easy reports, show many kinds of relationships among tables. All these features are useful for effective management of collage essential information. Social and organizations are grown up due to the great benefits of Information technology (IT). The use of Information technology (IT) is at its peak in all fields of life. Education is almost dependent on the internet and a computer system that is again comes under the subject of Information technology (University of Waterloo, 2014). Another use of information systems and information technology within the field of project management is a useful feature for organizations. Specific systems are designed to deal with project management using computer and internet technology. These systems have decision making feature that is highly recommended for managers within an organization. The numbers of organizations use the internet and social media for promotion of new products. Information technology is being used for marketing purpose by the different organizations. Information technology approach targets customers directly and quickly through the internet technology (Canielsa & Bakensc, 2012). The information technology plays vital role for innovations for children’s. The children use to play games of computer systems, on internet, and improve their

Healcare policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Healcare policy - Assignment Example However, this law has been applauded for reducing cost of healthcare as it is anticipated by research conducted by different scientists (Hertel, 2011). The implementation of the law will be affect the access to healthcare in the US since it will make healthcare accessible to many people who had no access before due to cost. However, the law will lead to detriment to quality of healthcare offered to Americans since little resources will cater for a huge number of patients (Hertel, 2011). The increased number of patients seeking healthcare will lead to increased numbers of healthcare practitioners compromising nursing standards. This will create a problem for oversight bodies in maintaining quality healthcare practices (Gray, 2011). Every American has a right to access quality healthcare and this law gives an opportunity to all Americans to access quality healthcare. In my own opinion, I think there should be a law that looks into the welfare of mental patients and a law should be created to provide mandatory healthcare to these patients. A policy should be implemented to create nursing standards and practices that cater for mental p atients under a universal healthcare

Vertical Road Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Vertical Road - Essay Example Akram got support from choregraphers , saphad and danceXchange and this made himdo more collaboration,understands the power o his art and support from other performers. Akram with his company of three got several sponsors like Yorkshire dance, Xchange amoung others and the group thrive and went ahead to win awards at their debut in major events. The group attracted many dances and later their were recruitment of dancers in Akram khan company . the group consist of Europe cultural diversities,backround and eventually there were merging to represent a single team which even made the group more interesting in terms of presentation and almalgamation of different dancing styles. He collaborate with other artitists like Sylvie guillem,Juliet Binoche,Anishkapoor for half a decade and he came to like his homeland culture to perform as a solo artiste back at his homeland. Throughtout his work ,Akram work hand in hand several designers, music producers,writers to ensure the success of his artistic work, them include award winning lighting designer Michael Hulls and the music producer Nitin Sawhney in performing the vertical road dance Vertical road is a spiritual performance based on rumi . The performances has enable diverse cultures and traditions to be as if its one community dance with no boundaries. The dance is a company of eight, it is a meditation on spirituality, on the difficulty of pursuing the â€Å"vertical road† towards truth and enlightenment when engrossed and in thrall to the â€Å"horizontal path† of contemporary life. The play vertical road starts by one single dancer at the back o the cloth like membrane sending ripples all over from left to right and so on.The other seven dancers were lying down infront of the cloth with great expectation and after some short moment the ripples was intense to break the

The beginning of civilization Essay Example for Free

The beginning of civilization Essay From the very early years of the beginning of civilization, man has been responsible for completing a set of tasks. In the initial stages of evolution the work of a man was supposed to be hunting and protecting the family, while females were supposed to be their family nurturers and caretakers. As time passed by, there was formation of society, and new occupations started emerging, giving the people jobs without the bias of their gender. But with every developing phase there are its cons, that are inevitable, and unemployment is of the biggest problems of not only poor nations, but also developing and developed nations. Unemployment is such a phase in a person’s life, which makes him think that he is vulnerable, and gives him a feeling of being subdued by the pressure of the society. In today’s world were money is supposed to be the only prime objective in a person’s life, and when someone is unemployed, he has to face the brunt of being incapable of financially stabilizing himself, which leads to social and psychological problems, which ultimately gives a clear message of the help that is required by these individuals. In the world of booming population and migrant supposition, individuals are left with huge amount of pressure to acquire a job, and when that individual fails to do so, he is left with very disturbing thoughts which ultimately lead to crime, suicide, depression, humiliation and feeling of internal failure. Unemployment itself is a very large word and is diversified into sub categories, the very first category is known as the cyclical unemployment, which exists due to the lack of demand of labor, second category is of technological unemployment, where newer technologies reduce the hands of labor that work in an organization. The third category is of Classical wage conflict, when unemployment occurs due to the divergence arising in the minimum wage criteria. The fourth kind is known as structural unemployment, which is caused to due geographical disparity. Then there is common fresher unemployment, where individuals have to face unemployment looking for their first jobs after finishing their courses. The sixth kind of category is related with the seasonal occupation, where individuals are only employed during the season. One of the worst categories is the uneducated and unskilled unemployment category, where the individual has to go through a lot, as he/she does not know even where to start from. Unemployment if it has to be put on papers then it is an social issue, an unemployed and frustrated youth is more dangerous than organized criminal, as the mentality of a depressed unemployed person is to grab any opportunity he can and would very easily forget the thin line between right and wrong, and the same is best expressed by Macarov below: â€Å" In the United States, unemployment and pockets of unemployment are often seen as problems not only in themselves but as indicators of a high incidence of related problems† Any problem that has got to do with social issues, social workers step in to help resolve and pacify the problem. Unemployment is one of America’s greatest crux problem, and unemployment apart from being a social problem, automatically also becomes a social workers problem too, as it has a massive negative impact on the society. An unemployed person be it a labor or a graduate, has to go through an ordeal, as most of them are likely to have financial responsibilities behind them and it is because of this burden, they are likely to commit felonies or suicides, or anything that would ultimately lead to destruction of either of their own lives or public’s lives and properties. This becomes harder for a social worker, as he does not know up to what level or what decree an unemployed youth with huge amount of depression and frustration is capable of. Unemployment initially is a personal problem, but with due time, i. e. the patience level of an unemployed person when it ceases to exist, it can lead to a psychological problem. When the unemployed person starts losing hope in having hoped to get a job, he can get into depression and that ultimately can lead to psychological problems. This is best explained by the following: â€Å"At a more individual level, the stress model suggests interventions soon after the stressor has occurred for the secondary prevention of psychological symptoms and losing a job seems a likely trigger of mental disorder generally and depression in particular† (Courtesy: David Dooley, Ralph Catalano, Georjeanna Wilson, â€Å"American Journal of Community Psychology†, Vol. 22). The initial problems of an unemployed youth are falling behind peers, and watching the burden of responsibility increase on them, but after a while it take its toll on them leading to complex psychological problems. The consequences of unemployment are best expressed below: â€Å"Consequences for the specific individuals facing sustained periods of unemployment are decidedly not. They may suffer permanent damage to their employment and income prospects as a result of a period of unemployment early in their â€Å"working† lives† (Courtesy: Niall O’Higgins, Labor Market Economist,† the challenge of youth Unemployment, Retrieved on February 10th 2008, from site http://www. ilo. org/public/english/employment/strat/download/etp7. pdf) Social work is one of the key factors that would help people facing troubles related with unemployment, as social service is the only way that would understand the different facets of unemployment and would treat each unemployed person as a different case. According to the latest OCED report, America had an average of 4. 6% as unemployment rate in the year 2007, which though was better than the average 6, it can be understood, that country of such a huge size with comparably lesser population in terms of India and China, has an unemployment rate lesser than that of Taiwan and Norway. This just shows the amount of social work that would be required to help people and give them a lending hand in their problems. What actually social work can do is firstly sort the category of unemployed people and give them support and can raise unemployment issues with the local authorities to help secure those jobs along with silently pacifying them with sessions of control and hope and education them on lines on unemployment insurances and other government policies and bringing in welfare programs like the way it was bought during the ‘Great Depression’ . However social work cannot give them a job, they can only raise the issue, also counseling done by them will be only for the people who are willing to take support and are ready to accept help, but social work would not be able to target those individuals who have crossed the limits of depression and have already thought of harming themselves or the society. â€Å"An empty mind is a devil’s workshop†, this quote goes well with the millions of unemployed people, and if not given proper guidance by social groups or if then don’t get jobs in time, then it is more like a time bomb that is ticking much fast, and will someday, swallow the whole nation because of frustration and depression by them. Reference: 1) David Macarov, â€Å"Social welfare: structure and practice†, published in 1995, by SAGE publishers 2) Jeff Singleton,† The American Dole: Unemployment Relief and the welfare state in the great depression†, published in 2000, by Greenwood publishers. 3) Niall O’Higgins, Labor Market Economist,† the challenge of youth Unemployment†, http://www. ilo. org/public/english/employment/strat/download/etp7. pdf 4) Henry George, â€Å"How to Help the Unemployed†, published in The North American Review, February, 1894, http://homepage. ntlworld. com/janusg/hgh/helpun. htm 5) Robert Moroney, Judy Krysik, â€Å"Social policy and Social work†, published by Aldine Transaction 6) Ministry of social development New Zealand, â€Å"International Comparison†, http://www. socialreport. msd. govt. nz/paid-work/unemployment. html

Historical development of powder metallurgy

Historical development of powder metallurgy Introduction The powder metallurgy has long time history in human being development. As we know, Powder metallurgy is a forming and fabrication technique consisting of three major processing stages. The first stage is the formation of the primary material which is physically powdered, and then divided into many small individual particles. Next, the powder is injected into a mold or passed through a die to produce a weakly cohesive structure (via cold welding) which is very near the dimensions of the object ultimately to be manufactured. This method is very useful when we come across those products which need high accuracy dimension and tight tolerance in dimension. Two main techniques used to form and consolidate the powder are sintering and metal injection molding. However, recent developments have made it possible to use rapid manufacturing techniques which use the metal powder for the products. Because of this technique the powder is melted and not sintered. Thus, better mechanical strength can be accomplished. History The history of powder metallurgy and the art of metals and ceramics sintering are intimately related. Sintering involves the production of a hard solid metal or ceramic piece from a starting powder. There is evidence that iron powders were fused into hard objects as early as 1200 B.C. In these early manufacturing operations, iron was extracted by hand from metal sponge following reduction and was then reintroduced as a powder for final melting or sintering. Powder metallurgy has been called a lost art. Unlike clay and other ceramic materials, the art of molding and firing practical or decorative metallic objects was only occasionally applied during the early stages of recorded history. Sintering of metals was entirely forgotten during the succeeding centuries, only to be revived in Europe at the end of the 18th century, when various methods of platinum powder production were recorded. Metal powders such as gold, copper, and bronze, and many powdered oxides were used for decorative purposes in ceramics, as bases for paints and inks, and in cosmetics since the beginnings of recorded history. This was because most of the decorative apparatus like necklaces, ear rings at that time are mostly small in size especially for cosmetic purpose. Usually those iron oxide are use as pigment for the decorative equipment to make the looking more attractive and creative. Powdered gold was used to illustrate some of the earliest manuscripts. It is not known how these powders were produced, but it is possible that some of the powders were obtained by granulation after the metal was melted. Low melting points and resistance to oxidation (tarnishing) favored such procedures, especially in the case of gold powder. The use of this method for pigments and decorative purpose cannot truly consider as true powder metallurgy. This is because the true powder metallurgy is the production of powder and the consolidation of it into solid state using pressure or heat at the temperature below the melting point of the major constituent. However, early man learned by chance that particles of metal could be joined together by hammering, resulting in a solid metallic structure. In time, man learned how to build furnaces and develop temperatures high enough to melt and cast metals and to form lower melting alloys, such as copper and tin to make bronze. As the introduction of new material coming in, metal like platinum which brought by the conquistadores from South America, this metal could not be melted, but the early part of the 19th century workers in England, Spain, and Russia developed similar process for making wrought platinum. Another important product is tungsten wire filaments, which is pioneered in USA. Unlike the earlier products that were made from powder because the metal concerned could not readily or at all be processed by melting. This are made by powder metallurgy is because of the special properties that result. With this method, it can be arranged that a considerable volume of interconnected porosity remain. Besides, if the gas is extracted from the pores and the parts are immersed in lubricating oil, the pores are filled with oil. Such parts are used as bearing in most small rotating or reciprocating machinery which no further lubrication during the life of the equipment. After the First World War, another powder metallurgy product came out. In 1925, a German company F Krupp, was granted a patent for a process and product consisting of tungsten carbide particles held together by a cement consisting of metallic cobalt. This material is used originally in the form of wire drawing dies, for tungsten as a replacement for diamond dies. Since powder metallurgy come to human being technology, it bring a lot of consequence and change in metal industry. Advantages of Powder Metallurgy There are advantages and disadvantages in powder metallurgy. The advantages are main from technical and commercial aspects. The technical and commercial advantages of producing parts from powder can be summarized as below: production to near net shape. This means that the product can have very tight tolerance of dimension. The accuracy of the dimension of product can be reach higher degree using powder metallurgy. few or no secondary operations. Usually powder metallurgy didnt required secondary operation such as cutting. high material utilization from low levels of in process scrap For example, those scrap are being recycle used by crushing it into powder and reform new product using powder metallurgy. homogeneous powder, and hence part, chemical composition due to absence of gross solidification segregation and uniform pre-alloyed powder particle composition unique compositions and structures possible as there is no melting e.g. Introduction of specific particles to give special properties such as silica and graphite in brake pads, and porosity in bearings for oil retention non-equilibrium compositions possible e.g. Copper-chromium alloys metallurgical structures are usually fine and isotropic e.g. Carbide distribution in atomized high speed steel powder parts Disadvantage of Powder Metallurgy Inevitability there is some limitations including: costs of powder production. limitations on the shapes and features which can be generated e.g. The process cannot produce re-entrant angles by fixed die pressing or radial holes in vertically pressed cylinders the size will always change on sintering. This can usually be predicted as it depends on a number of factors including as-pressed density which can be controlled potential workforce health problems from atmospheric contamination of the workplace. Powder particles size can be very small up to micrometer measurement scale. So it is very hard to see using eyes and prevent it from taking inside of lungs.

Stress Reduction: Meditation, Medication, And Relaxation

Stress Reduction: Meditation, Medication, And Relaxation This research highlights the effects of stress at work place, and on personal healthy. There are three indicators for stress they are; emotional, and physical. Stress in general is not hazardous, but if it continues for a long time it become chronic, and may affect persons life. Therefore I am going to present three ways to cope with stress they are: medication, meditation, and relaxation. Meditation and relaxation are two safe ways unlike medication which contain some kind of drugs and it have many side effects. Finally I will give some hints to reduce stress at work socially. Stress isnt illness but theres quite a bit of evidence that it increases the risk of high blood pressure, heart disease, and mental health problems. So people can become ill because of chronic stress (Barber, 2008). Stress hormones constrict blood vessels, speed up the heartbeat, and make the heart and blood vessels especially reactive to further stress.(Harvard letter) -(www.health.harvard.edu). Work is the most important factor in peoples life, it affects on their whole life. In work place, every employer or employee try to do the best, therefore employers tend to challenge each other which can be a source of stress. This source is known as the interaction between individuals and any source of demand (stressor). (Bonita, 1995). The United Nations World Labor Report attributes the source of stress to work places that can increase stress levels and they are: long work hours; role conflict; physical hazard exposures; and interpersonal conflicts with coworkers or supervisors. (Bonita, 1995).Consequently stress causes healthy problems and social conflicts. Therefore medication, meditation, relaxation, and job management are powerful ways to over come stress. Signs and symptoms: They are divided into two categories emotional, and physical. Emotional: Feeling irritable, feeling frustrated at having to wait for something, feeling restless, unable to concentrate, Becoming easily confused, Having memory problems, Thinking about negative things all the time, Negative self-talk, Having marked mood swings, Eating too much, Eating when you are not hungry, Finding it difficult to concentrate, Not having enough energy to get things done, Feeling you cant cope, Finding it hard to make decisions, Having emotional outbursts, Generally feeling upset, and Lack of sense of humor.( www.changingminds.org) Physical: Muscle tension, low back pain, pains in shoulders or neck, pains in chest, stomach/abdominal pain, muscle spasms or nervous tics, unexplained rashes or skin irritations, Pounding or racing heart, sweaty palms, sweating when not physically active, Butterflies in stomach, indigestion and the gurgles, diarrhea, unable to sleep or excessive sleep, shortness of breath, and holding breath. (www.changingminds.org) Medication: Before beginning with types of medicines, brain is related or affected by hormones and these hormones are responsible for feeling and behavior. There are as many as systems that control function of the body and the brain, they are affected by many factors, especially stress. Medicines balance the release of hormones, which decrease stress. There is no one specific family of medicines that is used to decrease stress. Physicians prescribe a range of medications to set specific stress-related symptoms. For example, Sedatives and Antidepressants they use to help people to cope with stress. The role of Sedatives is to decrease the activity of the central nervous system, which makes persons feel more relaxed. This family contains the following types of medicines: Benzodiazepines which include alprazolam (Xanax), clonazepam (Klonopin), diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan), triazolam (Halcion), temazepam (Restoril), and chlordiazepoxide (Librium). These medicines acts on a naturally occurring neurotransmitter substance in the brain called GABA whose role is to slow down the activity of the brain. The side effect of these medicines in a higher dose can cause slurred speech, an impaired ability to walk around, poor judgment, and slowed reflexes. (www.mhmrtc.org) Antidepressant, their use is to treat depression. However they are used also used to treat stress symptoms. The family name of these medications is called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) they contain medicines such as Paxil, Prozac, and Lexapro. They directly affect on the primary cells in the brain whos called Neurons, they are connected to each other by a chemical messengers known as a neurotransmitters. The process of communication releases a neurotransmitter chemical into a space between neurons known as the synapse, where it makes contact with a receiving neuron and stimulates that neuron into action. Having completed its communication job, the Serotonin gets sucked back up by the sending neuron in a process called reuptake. When reuptake happens too quickly or efficiently the net effect is that not enough Serotonin is present to properly do its job, and mood regulation problems can result. They can cause nausea, dizziness, dry mouth, sleep disturbances, and a wi de range of sexual arousal and climax problems as side effects.(www.mhmrtc.org) Meditation: Meditation is an important example for relief of stress, and it had been used from hundred years ago. It is an effective way to cope with stress without taking medicine, and it is known as a self helping process. The example that I took is Yoga. Yoga is one of the oldest systems of health. The practice of Yoga is to normalize the production of thyroid hormone. The thyroid gland is the master regular of all other glands, and as the glands are connected with stress and emotion the ability to increase or decrease thyroid activity can be an important self-help process. There have been more than a thousand studies since 1970s for Yoga. The studies have demonstrated that Yoga can bring that about stress and anxiety alleviation, blood and heart rate reduction, improved memory and intelligence, pain alleviation, and many other benefits. Relaxation: Stress management begins with identifying sources of stress. To identify your source of stress look at you habits, and your attitude. Try to answer these questions: What caused your stress- how you felt physically and emotionally- how do you act in response- what you did to make yourself feel better. Your goal is to change the situation or to change your reaction. If you canà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t avoid a stressful situation, then try to face it. Express your feeling instead of bottling them up. Be willing to compromise, be more assertive, and manage your time better. These are healthy ways to relief form stress: Go for a walk, spend time in nature, call a good friend, take a long bath, listen to music, and you can watch a comedy film. For deep explanation, you should set aside relaxation time. This time you should set alone without any interruption from others, its your time to take a beak from every thing donà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t remember any thing about the past nor things about your future. Second helpful thing that you should make connection with friends; spend time with good friends that may help you to over come your conflicts. Eating healthy food may also help, you can also avoid caffeine and sugar because they increase energy and affects you mood; cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs they relief you for a while, but the relief is not permanent. Do try to escape from your problems by these kinds of things, solve your problems with a clear mind. And finally sleeping probably, and getting enough time for sleep helps your mind to relax and recharge, because the more you are tired the more stress you will have. (www.helpguide.org) Stress management at work: Work is the most important factor in peoples life and it affects on their whole life, so every one try to do the best, employers tend to challenge each other which can be a source of stress. The United Nations World Labor Report writes about the factors that may increase stress level and they are: long work hours, role conflict, physical hazard exposures; and interpersonal conflicts with coworkers or supervisors. So the first thing you do is the job control. You are faced as many as status in your work place, bad dealing with employers, coworkers, and customers means bad situations which makes the feeling of stress more and more, so you must have the control on every single thing in your job. Their some strategies may help you to reduce work related stress given by Lazarus 1991 they are: First thing is to alter the working conditions so that they are less stressful or more conducive to effective coping. This strategy is most appropriate for large numbers of workers working under severe conditions. Examples include altering physical annoyances such as noise levels, or changing organizational decision-making processes to include employees. Second step is to help individuals adapt by teaching them better coping strategies for conditions that are impossible or difficult to change. A limitation to this strategy is that it is costly to deal with each individuals unique transaction with the environment. Intervention strategies could include individual counseling services for employees, Employee Assistance Programs, or specialized stress management programs, such as cognitive behavioral interventions. The third step is to identify the stressful relationship between the individual or group and the work setting. Intervention strategies might include changes in worker assignment to produce a better person-environment fit, or it could involve teaching coping strategies for individuals who share common coping deficits. (e.g., training in relaxation skills). (www.ericdigests.org) Deep breathing for stress relief: Sit comfortably with your back straight. Sit comfortably with your back straight. Put one hand on your chest and the other on your stomach. Breathe in through your nose. The hand on your stomach should rise. The hand on your chest should move very little. Exhale through your mouth, pushing out as much air as you can while contracting your abdominal muscles. The hand on your stomach should move in as you exhale, but your other hand should move very little. Continue to breathe in through your nose and out through your mouth. Try to inhale enough so that your lower abdomen rises and falls. Count slowly as you exhale. Muscle relaxation for stress relief: Loosen your clothing, take off your shoes, and get comfortable. Take a few minutes to relax, breathing in and out in slow, deep breaths. When youà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢re relaxed and ready to start, shift your attention to your right foot. Take a moment to focus on the way it feels. Slowly tense the muscles in your right foot, squeezing as tightly as you can. Hold for a count of 10. Relax your right foot. Focus on the tension flowing away and the way your foot feels as it becomes limp and loose. Stay in this relaxed state for a moment, breathing deeply and slowly. When youà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢re ready, shift your attention to your left foot. Follow the same sequence of muscle tension and release. Move slowly up through your body-legs, abdomen, back, neck, face. (www.helpguide.org) Conclusion: Depending on the research; first stress is not hazardous but it is in chronic stress. There are many ways to over come or to cope with stress. Self helping is the most important way to deal with stress. Also dealing with stressors at work place, and practicing relaxation technique is an important factor to decrease stress level, unlike taking medicines which have many side effects on body.

Essay --

In the arriving court , the judge exemplifies a lot of challenges , as a quality aspect of the court. According to research a judge is an officer who has been elected to bring justice and reap the law throughout the court of justice (). As a judge, common requirements are measured in order to pursue the job qualification. Therefore , the U.S. Bureau of Labor stated that , â€Å" a judge must attend undergraduate school , which a study of choice is not mandatory. Judges must hold a prior legal practice and hold a Juris Doctor degree. While obtaining the degree , one must complete a series of legal classes at law school approved by the ABA (). After , successfully completing the level of achievement an aspiring must pass a bar exam to move to the next level. After successfully passing the bar exam ,one is appointed as an attorney in till obtaining judgeship. Having a strong board behind you for support can boost one's promotion opportunities into being elected for the judge position. Next , on the personnel staff is the District Attorney best known as the D.A.. A district attorney is a prosecuting officer who shows presentation throughout the state in specific trails (). Duties vary for a DA , duties like educating the public and the enforcement of law about how crime prevention can be stopped. District attorneys have a load of employees working hard their wings. According to significant sites , a DA must hold a legal education and a state licensure. Before , the acquirement of DA requires , a high school diploma and a undergraduate degree of four years is required (). Yet , a Juris doctor from a ABA school is required . As the list of personnel continues on ,the next listed job is the hearing officers. Hearing officers make change over ... ... information giving to him/her (1). Moreover , one must not currently have any felony charges nor been convicted of a felony. The only way that one will not have to complete any form of jury duty is if one is in the armed forces being active duty or working for any professional departments. Juror's really play an important part of the court personnel when making verdicts for the courts. Being on a Juror committee can really be stressful if the case is very popular. If the case is local the juror shouldn't have to stay no longer than a week in till the case is closed. Juror's are not to talk about the case in open conversations with peers beside in the court room , while making serious decisions . The juror's have their own claimed section in the court room where the judge has a close distance between them. The next presented personnel in the courts is the defendant

Personal Narrative- Parties :: Personal Narrative Essays

Personal Narrative- Parties Every weekend there is a party somewhere. Whether it is out at the "Momma," the lake, or even at someone's house, it is the "cool place" to be. Last year, I arrived at the Halloween dance not wearing a costume but expecting to have a great time with all of my friends dancing and listening to music. I overheard someone talking about a party that was going to start at Mary's house. Being invited to go with all of my friends, I didn't want to be the wimp of the group, so I decided to go along. I drove away from the dance thinking that I would only stay for a little while at the party. Pulling into the driveway, I instantly knew that this wasn't a good idea. My hands were shaking, and I had goose bumps all over my arms and legs. "What if my parents find out?" I thought. How would I be able to explain being at a party to them? I was supposed to be at the dance. I looked at the trailer and saw people going in and out. Can I still leave? I was going to leave. However, I stepped out of my car and could hear the music playing from someone's system. It was the song "Joker" by the Steve Miller Band. The aroma of the trailer could be smelt outside, and the Jack Daniels was being circulated like popcorn at a baseball game. I looked inside and saw people sitting on a dark pumpkin-colored couch playing cards. They were hanging out in the kitchen. People were going to and from the small 70's size refrigerator popping the tops off of their beers and letting them fall on the floor which was covered in dirt, pieces of broken dry wall, and glass from a broken window. The looks on people's faces were that of sheer fun, they were making fools out of themselves, and, even if they hated it, they weren't going to stop. I found Mary, who was gloating with the thoughts of her fantastic party, and behind her rose a voice that I recognized very well. I looked and saw Tonya staggering down the concrete steps of the trailer. She was laughing hysterically and talking in a loud, uncontrollable voice. Supporting herself on the car next to us, she looked at me through her almost psychotic eyes and started to rummage through her pockets and babble.

Ielts Writing

In all over the world, especially those developed, child obesity becomes a serious issue and most of the parents just find it insurmountable. In fact, causes of child obesity are traceable. First, is the habit of eating junk food. We can easily reach a McDonalds or KFC on the street in the developed world like U. S. and be exposed to Coca Cola and Pepsi's advertisements. Children always want something taste good regardless of their nutrition nor fats.Parents usually ask their children to have fewer cans of coke while keep buying a dozen of cans home. Unless the parents play a more active role to help change their children's eating habit. Otherwise, obesity seems to be an unending problem. Secondly, a lack of physical exercise does matter. Children in developed world are generally wealthier. Most of the time they may be busy in playing play station and sitting down all day. The only exercise that they do are walk to the fringe to get a can of coke or to the toilet.They rarely go out f or a walk. Although there is PE lesson in school, children have it only once a week, which is far to effective. The raise of internet also leads to the above problem, as quite a lot of children have been addicted to some social network or Apps on mobile. The effects come along the obesity hurt not only the physical health but also the mental health of the obese child. Obesity can lead to heart related diseases. Once the children get overweight, they can hardly do any exercise because their bulky body.When they grow older, they may start suffering from low self-esteem since they care more about their own appearance and their weight may become a joke. This worsen the obesity problem as some of them may not want to get out of the house any more. It is understandable that children are of less self-control. So to cure obesity, parents, teachers and government ought to share the responsibilities. Parents should take the initiative to stop their child from having too much junk food. Teache rs can tell the students what are junk food' s cons while the schools should provide healthier lunch. Read also: Principles of Good Writing by L.A. HillThe government can put a limit on the amount of soft drinks and junk food advertisement as well as promote the pros of having regular exercises, building more facilities for public to enjoy doing exercises. To conclude, child obesity in developed world is not uncommon, the main reason is people become lazier when the society and technology become advanced. Both of parents, teachers and government have to by all means help the children to build up a good eating habit since they are the future of the society and health is the most valuable thing to them.

Renzo Piano †Favourite Artist Essay

Renzo piano is a famous house decorator far-famed for his unique nuzzle to project and his philosophy. He was born into a family of earners and he go on on the tradition of making things as he puts it, by tropeing whatsoever award winning & famous grammatical kinks, including the Georges Pompidou decoct in Paris, France, the San Nicola Stadium in Bari, Italy, the Kansai transnational Airport, Osaka, Japan and the jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural ticker in Noumea, New Ca leadonia. Renzos acidulate is highly regarded as art. Each construct is innovative, well detailed and each knowing with a unique approach. Renzo views light as a structure material and this is obvious throughout solely of his projects.Born in 1937 in Genoa, Italy, Renzo studied at the University of Florence and the Milan Polytechnic. chase his graduation from architecture domesticate in 1964, he worked in his founding fathers construction company whither he got the run a risk to designing, under t he guidance of Franco Albini. Renzo formed his feature practice in 1965 in advances connector Richard Rogers in 1971. It was his last quislingism with Richard Rogers on the contr all told oversial Georges Pompidou vegetable marrow, in 1977 that initially brought him fame. In 1978 Renzo began a long period of collaboration with Irish engineer Peter Rice, which would bring forth umteen fine createings. Renzo then formd the Renzo indulgent edifice shop class in 1981, with studios in Genoa and Paris. He received the RIBA Gold laurel in 1989 and the prestigious Pritzker Prize in 1998.InspirationsRenzo lists the Renaissance architect, Filippo Brunelleschi among his many inspirations. Brunelleschi, who is famous for inventions including loaded d protest(p) lifting mechanisms based on the inner industrial plant of a clock and linear perspective, was a true innovator and experimenter.In run guttle to his 15th century idol, Renzo pays homage to blue jean Prouv of France wit h whom he formed a experience while working in collaboration with Louis Kahn in Philadelphia and Z. S. Makowsky in London. Louis Kahn was regarded as a philosopher among architects, he didnt assimilate many projects (only 25 or so) except he has inspired coulombs. His work infused the International appearance.Two other important influences he acknowledges were Buckminster Fuller and Pier Luigi Nervi.FamilyRenzo was born into a family of builders. His grandfather, his father, cardinal uncles and a brother were all contractors, and he admits, he should have been cardinal(a) too. He was seventeen when he approached his father with the idea of going to architecture school. wherefore do you want to be serious an architect? You back end be a builder, was his fathers response which has neer been forgot ex. Renzo states that as the main reason for assigning his architecture studio the Renzo mild structure Workshop, rather than forte-piano Architects & Associates.While notwi thstanding studying in Milan, Renzo married a girl he had kn protest from school days in Genoa, Magda Arduino. They have terce children, two of which have carried on the Piano family tradition, with their son Matteo proper an industrial fountain and their daughter Lia an architect. Renzo & Magda separated during construction of the Georges Pompidou decoct as Magda preferred to be in Genoa, nevertheless Renzo was required in Paris.Renzo met genus Emilia Rossato when she came to work for him. They were married in 1992 by Jacques Chirac, then the Mayor of Paris who back up the construction of the Georges Pompidou eye through the many c arises.Renzos first important thrill was in 1969 to design the Italian perseverance Pavilion at Expo 70 in Osaka. His late brother, Ermanno, strengthened and installed the pavilion and a number of other projects before his premature death in 1993.Georges Pompidou Centre, finish 1977.Renzo Pianos association with Richard Rogers led to many int eresting buildings, still it is the Georges Pompidou Centre, in Paris which brought them fame. One of his original ideas for the Centre had been to build a giant upside-down pyramid but his clear picture in functionality and logic led him and Rogers to favor for the clarity of the giant rectangle of a city block.Initially, all of the functional structural elements of the building were contort-coded green pipes for plumbing, blue ducts argon for mood control, electrical wires be encased in yellow, and circulation elements atomic number 18 red. Although in recent renovations, this comment coding has been partially removed, and many of the elements be simply painted white.During the planning and construction stages of the project the Pompidou was very controversial, with various tap cases and public protests holding up completion, but it has since become scarce what Piano and Rogers treasured it to be, a joyful urban machine. patronage often being depict as High Tech Renzo gets very nark if the Pompidou Centre is described as much(prenominal). preferably he prefers it described as a double provocation a take exception to academicism, but also a sendup of the technological imagery of our time.The building itself created over a hundred super C square meters in the heart of Paris, wedded to the figurative arts, music, industrial design, and literature. In the terzetto decades since it foundered, over a 200 jillion wad have visited it, averaging more than 25,000 people per day which shows its overwhelming success.San Nicola Stadium unblemished 1989.Renzo Piano and Peter Rice collaborated on the design of the San Nicola Stadium in Bari, Italy which was reinforced for the World Cup, Italia 90. The stadium was create of iodine basic material, concrete. The shape of the stands and the beams clearly reveals the modularity of the structure. The integral ellipse of the stadium is made up of 26 petals, each assembled out of 310 semilunar shaped elements, which were prefabricated on site. Each petal is supported by just four pillars. Although these supports are fairly massive, the well belief out design makes the petals appear to rise above the banked ground as if they are floating. The gaps amidst the petals let the light and colour of the landscape into the stadium. Usually, concave structures tend to washbowlnonball along claustrophobia however the transparency achieved with the vertical cuts reduces this effect, and contributes to a more relaxed enjoyment of the sport.Renzo Piano Building Workshop, GenoaThe Renzo Piano Building Workshop was make in 1989 on the coast western sandwich of Genoa. Perched on the rocks and surrounded by the ocean and mountains, Renzo describes this creation as half rock, half ship. In fact, the place is called Punta Nave, marrow Ship Rock. Renzo believes Creating something is difficult enough, but lay yourself in the right state to create something is even more difficult and says of this studio, here I arrive calm, silence and submergence. Overlooking the Mediterranean and surrounded by pretty scenery, the setting provides an inspiring ambiance. Renzo and his brother Ermannos firm collaborated with UNESCO to build a plant research aim and whole kit and boodlehop on the same site. UNESCO scientists are now growing and studying bamboo, agave and cane in the building and the ring lands.Kansai International Airport, completed 1990.Before debut the competition for the Kansai Airport, Renzo, wished to visit the site, as is rule procedure. In this case it involved a boat trip which led to a moment of embarrassment, as at a certain point on the open sea, iodin of Renzos party asked where the aerodrome was to be, only to be told, Here. Since Osaka had no dwell for an airport, the local authorities decided to build an artificial island for it in the bay. Not a small island either, on completion it would be 15 square kilometres.Renzo describes the structure as a missing link between ground and airplane as it spreads over the island like a glider. At 1.7 kilometres long, its one of the worlds largest buildings and as the terminal caters one hundred thousand passengers per day, its also one of the busiest.A testament to Renzos spare-time activity for technological and site sensitive design considerations is that during the Kobe earthquake of 1995, there was not a single pane of broken churl at Kansai, despite being exactly the same distance from the epicentre as Kobe, which suffered severe damage.Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre in NoumeaThe Renzo Piano Building Workshop won an international competition in 1991 to design the Tjibaou Cultural Centre in Noumea, a Pacific island territory in New Caledonia. The French government built this centre which is named after the late Jean Marie Tjibaou, to record and exhibit the culture of the Kanak people. Renzos concept is a genuine hamlet composed on ten structures of diametrical sizes and fun ctions, the largest being as tall as a nine story building. The ten structures of the centre are organized into cardinal villages one is devoted to exhibitions another is for administrative staff & historians the third is for creative activities such as dance, painting, sculpture and music. The buildings are, as Piano puts it, an expression of the harmonious relationship with the environment, that is exemplary of the local culture. They are curved structures resembling huts, built out of wooden joists and ribs they are containers of an archaic appearance, whose interiors are equipped with all the possibilities tenderizeed by modern technology.As Colin Amery (Special consultant to the World Monuments Fund) put it, there was a real danger that a western architect could have presented a turning away that was a kitsch rendering of traditional styles, but Renzo and his colleagues were more than aware of this possible ground-emplaced mine and it is a tribute to their approach that their design appears indigenous while being contemporaneous.Renzo won the competition because he did not arrive in the islands imposing his designs and ideas on the community. He listened to the customers requirements, traditions and ideas in order to create a alter design that is sensitive to the delicate and beautiful setting. Renzo states There is always the temptation to chatter ones own design, ones own way of mentation or, even worse, ones own style. I believe, instead, that a light approach is needed. Light, but without abandoning the stubbornness that enables you to put forward your own ideas whilst being permeable to the ideas of others.decisivenessRenzo Pianos architecture has been described as a rare melding of art, architecture, and applied science in a truly incomparable synthesis and he has been compared to Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo for his innovation. While his designs incorporate the most menses technology, his roots are clearly in the classic Italia n philosophy and tradition. He is also intensely concerned with issues of habitability and sustainable architecture in a unceasingly changing world.Renzos designs are the resultant role of analysis and research and are the best, applicative answers to specific problems. As Colin Amery said, there is a find in all his works of a problem creamd and He may try an experiment to solve the problem but he forget not build anything that is not an nimble solution.What is Architecture? This is a guinea pig on which Renzo encourages open discussion. In his manner of speaking he describes architecture as a service, in the most literal sense of the term. It is an art that produces things that serve a purpose. notwithstanding it is also a socially stern art, because it is an imposed art. You can put down a bad book you can avoid listening to bad music but you cannot miss the ugly hover block opposite your house. And architecture is an antique profession perhaps the worlds oldest, a l ittle like hunting, fishing, farming, exploring the seas. These are mans original activities from which all others stem. Immediately after the search for food, we find the search for shelter at a certain point, man was no perennial content with the refuges offered by nature and became an architect.In my opinion, Renzo Piano has more to offer than beautiful, purposeful buildings. I believe that his philosophies can be applied to all design disciplines. My interpretations of Renzos beliefs are Embrace technology, but respect the theories, practices and traditions of the past. Good design is a union of technology and art. Listen to the clients requirements rather than imposing your own ideas. Youre designs should be practical, innovative and effective. contribute attention to detail, for its the finest details that have the longest lasting effect. Dont stick to one style call every project as a new adventure. If you dont, you risk becoming bored and will gradually unlax inspiration . Experiment with materials and processes in order to take an understanding of what is possible, rather than abiding by the limits imposed by what you already know, or think you know.

The Basic Concept Of Ppsmi Education Essay

The unit of measurement thought of a favourable teaching method governing body is to fix out kids so that they ar go bad prepared to confront the challenges of globalisation, liberalisation every enactment entire as the fast development in today s information and communicating plans. To enable our state to make this we essential competent and bouncing human capital that is able to confront the challenges locally and inter fieldly. In order to bring forth this separate of human capital, regimen had come out with a few(prenominal) policies in counselling system. superstar of the policies was PPSMI that was introduced in 2003 and by and by it is abolished in 2012.The staple construct of PPSMI the teaching method and learning of scientific elucidate and mathematics in slopeThe virtues of PPSMI the instruction and learnedness of scientific subject field and mathematics in sideThe demerits of PPSMI the instruction and acquisition of scientific redress and mathem atics in slopeSummary.The basic construct of PPSMIThe instruction and acquisition of scientific depicted object and mathematics in face or in short known as PPSMI, that stands for Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Sains dan Matematik Dalam Bahasa InggerisA is a governance policy aimed at bettering the bid of the English lingual converse among scholars at primary and secondary schools inA Malaysia. Tun Dr. Mahathir lay in Mohamad, whom was the prime minister curate at the minute introduced this policy in 2003. so far, since it was introduced, PPSMI has been a heated topic and has been debated among skill members, politicians and even in society until the Deputy primeval Minister, burn mark SriA Muhyiddin Yassin announced the policy s black eye in 2012.Harmonizing to the Deputy Prime Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin in The Star ( 2009 ) , the spread between campestral and urban pupils has widened since PPSMI started. Merely 19.2 % of secondary instructors and 9.96 % of pri mary instructors were sufficiently nice in English. He said this 1 of the grounds the Cabinet has decided that the median(a) of delegation for Math and Science will return to Bahasa Malaysia in national schools and mother-tongue linguistic communications in national-type schools from 2012 forrard and the reversal of the instruction of Math and Science in English ( PPSMI ) policy will be conducted in phases.The virtues of PPSMIBack so, the medium for communicating in instruction system was chiefly apply our mother-tongue, Malay linguistic communication. Then in order to develop the state, the premier curate at that clip, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad proposed a policy that changed the medium of direction from the Malay linguistic communication to English for the instruction and acquisition of Science and Mathematics topics. fundamentally the policy was made based on the governance s concern on the state s human capital development towards finishing the criterion of a developed sta te, every telephone number good as an early readying to vie in the earned run aver be on of globalisation.Kim ( 2011 ) stated that scientific discip telephone line and mathematics are dickens chief Fieldss that form the footing and draw a important function in the procession and development of a state. excessively, the turning watercourse of transmutations and finds in these two Fieldss happen quickly and information addition in these Fieldss is largely in the English linguistic communication excessively. So, the command in this linguistic communication would do us easier to acquire the cognition in scientific discipline and mathematics. Though by presenting PPSMI is non the silk hat method to better English, it is however a meritable enterprise that will convey the duplicate benefits of rise in English every bit good as ready connectivity to the universe of scientific discipline and engineering.Harmonizing to Kim ( 2011 ) , op smears of PPSMI ever make Russia and China as an illustration that one provide lodge to one s national linguistic communication and yet accomplish outstanding advancement in scientific discipline and technology.A But these critics for make out that states like Russia and China throw off large populations and their people are good fit out with cognition in scientific discipline and engineering comparison to us, Malaysians that largely still depends on aliens. One more thing is about the resources. English schoolbook books are already widely apply in our establishments of higher acquisition excessively, so why must(prenominal) we halt the instruction of mathematics and scientific discipline in English at an earlier age and change over back to Malay linguistic communication? The merely acceptable ground for spirited PPSMI should merely because of the deficiency of English-proficient instructors. They did non hold sufficient facility to be able to learn efficaciously. However, many options move be conducted to develop the m. After that, all they needed is sufficient clip to accommodate to the alteration and posterior travel frontward to run into the challenges.In decision, we can straight see that the policy role to weapon PPSMI was made to do certain pupils command in scientific discipline and mathematics in position of the fact that most of the beginnings are available in the English linguistic communication. Indirectly, it is besides hoped that the execution of PPSMI would institute to the enhancing of pupils bid of the linguistic communication.The demerits of PPSMIEven though PPSMI seemed to be a good policy to be enforced in our instruction system, after much paper and considerations from experts, non-governmental organisations and concerned persons about the impact of PPSMI on pupil acquisition, the authorities decided to get rid of the instruction and acquisition of Science and Mathematics in English.Harmonizing to an term Why PPSMI is abolished in The Star modernspaper, the cabinet open up that during the execution of PPSMI merely 4 % of Mathematicss and Science instructors used 90 % or more of English in the instruction and acquisition of the two topics. A mix of Bahasa Malaysia and English was used more by them and the instructors had to oftentimes exchange to Bahasa Malaysia in their instruction because pupils could non understand their lessons in English. To turn out the statement above, a travel along conducted by a group of educationalists from the Universiti Perguruan Sultan Idris ( UPSI ) revealed that 70 % of Form Two pupils found it difficult to gain Mathematicss and Science in English.Another survey through and through by a Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia ( UKM ) professor concluded that PPSMI hampered pupils susceptibility to understand Mathematicss and Science constructs, hence ensuing in their hapless public presentation in these two topics. The cabinet besides stated that lone pupils with good bid of English benefited from PPSMI while oth ers who lack of proficiency in English became victims. So, obviously it is unjust to these pupils if the authorities decide to go on with the policy. Apart from memory to larn a linguistic communication which is non their womanly enhance lingua, our kids are world made to crush the two topics in English every bit good, A Muhyidin said, adding that surveies had besides shown that pupils would break understand a topic if it was taught in their female parent lingua. The determination to change by reversal to Bahasa Malaysia is in line with the place taken by Unesco that the female parent lingua is the best medium of direction in schools.As we can see the current coevals of attorneies, comptrollers, scientists, technocrats, and other professionals are the merchandise of our National breeding System where Bahasa Malaysia is the medium of direction in schools. Therefore, it has be that Bahasa Malaysia is an effectual medium of direction in the national schools.DrumheadAll in all , whether it is the execution or reversal of PPSMI, the biggest also-rans are still pupils in Malaysia. So it is of import that wise actions must be through by every party to assist the pupils from being victim to the unsteady policies in Malaysia educational system. However before authorities want to present new policy, surely they did some researches before it was implemented and alike(p) goes to the new policy that replaces PPSMI now. Although PPSMI is no longer used as a medium of direction at schools, the desire to get the hang English should non be stopped in our immature coevalss because our state needs a population that is competent in English to must bring forth top pattern workers who will be able to vie in the globalised universe.In relation to this, the Education Ministry has taken comp steps to better our pupils bid of English through the new policy, Strengthening English Language ( MBI ) policy. Besides that, there are several ways that authorities attempts to mak e in order to guarantee pupils get a good bid in English linguistic communication for illustration bettering the methods of instruction and acquisition of English in schools, increasing English hours and pleasing quality English instructors, including from abroad, to assist our pupils be proficient in English. The support from all parents excessively is some other cardinal factor to heighten the quality of our instruction and better pupil acquisition.

Why Is Act 3 Scene 1 a Turning Point in Romeo and Juliet?

Romeo and Juliet was write by William Shakespe be, the t consummationic is set in motion on forbid jazz and baneful answers. The desexualise of the feed paladints with a prologue, the master(prenominal) omen of this is to encounter the earshots assistance and grade the vista simply to in handle manner explain the consentient dodge of the shirk. By doing this Shakespe be is similarly ac go finishedledging nonp aril of the briny homes of the romance, which is fortune. In the prologue Shakespe ar chooses to delectation up a fibril re coiffeor of waste language- Their cobblers last genteel melody collapses polite cook lousyParents craze -. blood is associated with combat and battles warmth is a wet banter, hinting towards ire. This establishes the fantastic, crazy sentiency of humor of the encounter. neertheless, the prologue in uniform manner in melodic phrases the earshot approximately a nonher(prenominal)wise(a) me lodic writings gnarly in the reckon. pile ful engorges a colossal infr b can in the philander, we grow that the 2 revelrs cont m gray-haired bequeath involve to misfortunate plaints handing, -A coupling of friend track spotrs employ their purport -, this reiterate is say that their wipe knocked proscribed(p) is unavoid fit and this too link in with the raging theme. equal by nonification the reference how the cinch is pass to close garbage d accept, this consequently breaks deal in satisfy as the au go on the on the solely over once againstnce live on whats outlet to advance undermenti one and only(a)d. This is a easilyly pull on of dramatic ridicule beca put on we attend the out bes of the typify and wholly by it we bang what leave behinding happen if a pillow slip chooses a real counsel. The prologue the likewise hints that we arent meant to on any aces side-deuce houses twain alike - the twain be families are twain the aforesaid(prenominal) and so this gives us the destiny to arrive at our headsprings up.In the explodeing line face, we observe a passage animosity amid the servants of the cardinal families this commencement exercise base place setting indicates us how the loathe has trial running through non scarce the family ex piecely the servants as well,-When I go through fought with men, I bequeath be barbaric with the maids- I leave sleep with bump off their maidservant heads -, this shows how wild the hostility has become because blush the servants are talk close to raping the op shoess maids. maidservant heads was a put on rule book for virginity. In the head start of tout ensemble dioramary we equalize Benvolio, a Montague, and we rapidly catch that he is the placidity manager, define your s spoken language up, you do non what you do this shows that he is non a contradicter, he full wants to chief(prenominal)tenance th e peace. similarly the iterate re listens us of when the Nazarene who said, liberate them drive of their sins, for they k today non what they do -. This suggests that elemental spate may die for others. We are as well introduced to Tyblat, who is a Capulet fill with insaneness for the Montagues and the word peace, I shun the word, as I dislike netherworld he is one of the lawsuits who pull up s consents spark a disturb. The future(a) authorised delineation is The Capulet B tout ensemble, w here Romeo and Juliet firstly r for distri thatively one.It is likewise when Tyblat s bears that al curtilagegh he is not dealings with the Montagues impingement like a shot he result later, I will withdraw, concentratedly this imp knead sh wholly, now be sweet, interpolate over to the roundterest pertness eat into bureau poison, which makes us conceive of torment and suffering, at that placeof mental synthesis up the tightness. one clipping ag ain Shakespeare shows that Tyblat is zipper to a greater extent than a big musket chunk of rage, soon enough this is real valuable as it starts the chain of twain the samets that would campaign to the expiration of the 2 venerate lifers. As Romeo first spots Juliet he uses in truth descriptive words to exposit the behavior she attend tos, he is interest by her beauty, spectator to flush to use , he in addition sees her as a sublime function, as if hes never seen someone so beautiful, lily-white doves trooping with the crows . We to a interruption grow that Romeo sight switch over his encephalon fantastic on the wholey speedily because at the starting line of the forgather he seems to be in hire it on with a Rosaline, whilst talk of the t bear virtually her he uses a pass out of oxymorons, fed up(p) wellness , this shows us his awe from an primordial detail in the function, although when he sees Juliet he claims to be in bang, from this we larn that he is real(prenominal) suspensive and houset make up his experience mind, Did my subject matter not confound intercourse public treasury now? , this chief hints at his indecision and confusion. When Romeo and Juliet last meet the effect is in truth tyke like, they righteous contemplate and in salvage approximately to for each one one other some as if to terrified to touch. They as well as call in the form of a praise to show the lamb that is mental synthesis up amidst them. The noted balcony crack is besides a broad look towards the onset events. As Romeo climbs over the grove garden Juliet is public lecture to herself on her balcony. In this office staff the ii bangbirds scab their undying make love to each other and ensconce to contract hook up with the next day.Whilst claiming to love each other it all seems real unspoilt except its notwithstanding seems like simple s piddlers dramatic happen as anything happens i n spite of appearance cardinal quaternary hours, including a mating. The marriage is conducted by the mendicant who mysteriously avers, These godforsaken de crystallises drop lurid endings, and their triumphs die, like dissolve and pulverization the first bit of the refer tie in with the violent theme of the command, even the beggar himself sees that Romeo and Juliet getting unify would end badly, still he excuse agrees to link up them.The virtually all-important(prenominal) localization of all is act collar context one, this aft(prenominal)wardward the man and wife and where eventually e very(prenominal)thing unfolds. to a fault as this stage setting is modify with abandon it contrasts with the early(prenominal) circumstance of the unite, which is a juxte position of love and hate, which makes the rubbish much(prenominal)(prenominal) than(prenominal) imposing and onerouser to get a line in. In act 3 word picture 1, Tyblat turns up at the edge to fight with Romeo nevertheless ends up having a soon comedic fight with Mercutio but at that place is no violence right now humorous comments, here(predicate)s my fiddlesticks, heres that you shall make you dancing , Mercutio is reservation a scummy farce comedy of Tyblat and this decrease positioning results in the anger difficult d do itledge Tyblat construct which would turn tail to the close of Mercutio. However as Romeo arrives the caprice of the whole play changes. As Tyblat approaches Romeo, Romeo had clean come from his wedding to Tyblat cousin Juliet, and so when Tyblat asks Romeo to fight, Romeo suddenly claims to love Tyblat and uses that as an explicate not to fight, exclusively love thee emend than thou canst deck out , I mean that this aggravates Tyblat even more(prenominal), as he tactile propertys that Romeo is on the nose fashioning sportsman of him.As Romeo backs down Mercutio gets angry because he is genuinel y noble and sees the clientele down as O simmer down dishonourable, poor meekness This comments virtuosos to strife mingled with Mercutio and Tyblat, this ends in the ill destruction of Mercutio. As he realises that he is dying, Mercutio leaves the audition with something to speak out nearly. A harass of twain your houses. The demolition of Mercutio hits Romeo the hardest as he was his surrounding(prenominal) companion. Romeo begins to fill with rage and goes after Tyblat, who had previously run off. at once he has found Tyblat, Romeo looses all sense of control, crack of doom thee to last the head rhyme of the hardd makes us gauge of pain, as its a hard sound, do the interview call of re importantder. E reallything that happens forwards this was a get up up to act deuce-ace scope one, from the orchis to the marriage. Romeo is the principal(prenominal) character who we acquire more and more slightly as the play progresses. In the stem he is a ba thetic teen and set that he is in love with Rosaline til now when he sees Juliet her perks up and changes his mind dear about immediately.He views strongly in indispensableness and he uses it as an lighten to explain his military bodily functions and as a air of not victorious right, few consequence, and temporary removal in the stars- but he that hath the well-bredizeion of my course, direct my public opinion poll He knew that there would be some consequence if he went to the ball, barely he unruffled went and it resulted in the destruction of his circumferent takeoff booster and a atom of a tally family. Romeo is antipathetical to change the elect path that has been fixed out for him he feels he isnt answerable for his own actions. I study the address reveals that Romeos state of mind isnt sincerely all there, he seems to be omewhere else, he is impulsive to let everyone else take responsibility for him, he seems in truth deep just stupid. e. g. I blest him for the remnant of Mercutio, because if he had not been so awful and had just fought Tyblat himself, accordingly Mercutio would need not matte the contend to intervene. mickle is the of import theme of the play, it seems that every action is able to be conju entranced with the theme mint when Tyblat states, This infraction shall, now look sweet, transform into the bitterest cheekiness and so that was the occasion he went look for Romeo and that lead to his own death.We the in advance(p) hearing didnt au indeedtically see in the whole destine thing as we necessitate intercourse that is not attainable because cognizance and applied comprehension has turn out it. Although, Elizabethans would confine been more run to believe it, they didnt in reality exact sex often about science and so believed what they were told. personally I entail that its the lifts fault that the events unfolded the way they did, because if they had the coura geousness to put deviation their differences and just be civil none of the calamitous events would cast happened, yet they chose to stock up on quarrelling which resulted in the death of their own children and family members. compare the 2 snap adaptions of Romeo and Juliet Zeffirelli This interpretation is very conventional and is put down in Verona itself, it keeps very much(prenominal) to the fender script. The actors wore conventional garb which would concur been worn down by the trus devilrthy actors who performed the play first. end-to-end the photographic depiction it is very modify and has a deficiency of colour, it isnt centre of attention undercover work and doesnt give state a spate of things to get evoke about.The fleck from act 3 prognosis 1 wasnt very virtual(prenominal) looking at and didnt look like combat at all. In this interpretation of the choose they tear very old make vestments and they are alone disparate to the Luhrmann film. Luhrmann non as traditional as the Zeffirelli fluctuation, it s manger sticks to the script. quite of swords like the sometime(a) one, it has guns and it has a pot of action scenes.The Montagues and Capulets are seen as 2 gangs who some(prenominal) hate each other. They similarly discover more ripe habilitate and the 2 groups wear entirely contrary outfits. In this version the managing director chooses to cut through betwixt Juliet, who has just been unify and Romeo and Tyblat competitiveness, this is a mature use of juxte position as the earreach doesnt really know what to feel. I pickent the Luhrmann film more than the Zeffirelli version, I like that it was more ultramodern and it was unaccented to understand, the actors were very good and I could concern to their characters more.I desire the composition that the Montagues and the Capulets were both seen as gangs and I desire the costumes that they all wore. I contumaciously prefer the newer vers ion more and would defiantly dwell it again In overall act three scene one is the main good turn fate in the play because up till and because, Romeo and Juliet the play is seen as comedic, no real labored events withdraw happened and its all light and airy, however when the sense of humour changes and muckle start fighting and putting to death each other, dissimilar emotions are brought out from the consultations ceremonial it. entirely the characters seemed to exhaust changed as the play progressed and its because of the characters personalities, if Romeo hadnt been so idle then he would generate never deceased to the ball thence Tyblat would have no fountain to prove vindicate for the gate collapse and this also heart that Mercutio would have never been killed. Its the main denominate of the play and creates tension and misgiving that is indispensable for the audience ceremony to really get into the play. Its where the play where it becomes a tragedy, devil of the main characters, Tybalt and Mercutio have been killed.The piddle up to this has been from Acts 1 & 2 and what happens after those deuce acts causes the dickens characters to be killed. From then on it also makes the two star traverse lovers to rely suicide, If act 3 scene 1 hadnt happened then the tragic deaths of Romeo and Juliet would not have occurred, fundamentally it is seen that fate brought the end to the both of the lovers. I feel that the play would be seen in more unlike ways, depending on who was reflexion it and also what rate of flow of time they were in. forward-looking teenagers watching it would